On solutions of the matrix equations \(XF - AX = C\) and \(XF - A\bar {X} =C\) (Q865533)

The matrix equation \((*)\quad XF-AX=C\) is important in stability and control theory. When \(F=A^*\), this is the Lyapunov matrix equation. The authors solve \((*)\) explicitly using the Kronecker map. The solution is expressed by a symmetric operator matrix, a controllability and an observability matrix. They express explicitly also the solution to the matrix equation \(XF-A\bar{X}=C\) by means of the real representation of a complex matrix. The expression involves a symmetric operator matrix, two controllability and two observability matrices.