Estimated transversality and rational maps (Q873764)

Let \(X\) be a manifold with a symplectic form \(\omega\), \(L\) the line bundle with the curvature \(-i\omega\). Then there exists a sequence of pairs of sections \((s_0, s_1)\) of \(L^k\) such that \(|s_0|^2+ |s_1|^2\leq 1\), \(|\nabla s_i|\leq C\sqrt{k}\), \(|\nabla\nabla s_i|\leq C_k\), \(|\overline\partial s_i|\leq C'\), \(i= 1,2\) and \(s_0\), \((s_0, s_1)\) are \(\eta\) transverse to zero, \(\partial(s_1/s_0)\) is \(\eta\) transverse to zero, away from the locus of \((s_0, s_1)\) [\textit{S.K. Donaldson}, J. Differ. Geom. 53, 205--236 (1999; Zbl 1040.53094)] (referred as Theorem 2.4 in this paper). Here, a sequence of sections \(\tau_k\) of \(E\otimes L^k\) is said to be \(\eta\) transverse to zero if \[ |\tau_k|\leq \eta\Rightarrow \langle[\partial\tau_k]^*{\mathbf v}, [\partial\tau_k]^*{\mathbf v}\rangle\geq \eta^2 k|{\mathbf v}|^2. \] Donaldson asked for the best estimate of \(\eta\). In this paper, polynomial maps of \(\mathbb{C}^2\to\mathbb{C}^2\) and their induced maps on \(S^2\) are studied via the analysis of Euclidean and spherical Laplacians, and show there exists a pair of homogeneous polynomials \((p_k, q_k)\) of degree \(k\) which maps \(S^3\subset\mathbb{C}^2\) into the region \[ \{(z, w)\in \mathbb{C}^2; \eta\leq |z|^2+ |w|^2\leq 1\}, \] (Proposition 1.2). Moreover the upper bound of \(\eta\) is shown to be of order \(1- 10^{-58}\) (\S3). The author mentions that Proposition 1.2 is a consequence of Donaldson' s results (\S2.2, Theorem 2.6). An original part of this paper is the explicit construction of \((p_k, q_k)\) and of a sharp estimate of \(q\). Then applying the method to derive Proposition 1.2, existence of an \(\eta_0\) such that if \(L\) is the line bundle on a symplectic manifold \((X,\omega)\) having \([\omega/2\pi]\) as Chern class, and \(s_0,\dots, s_n\) the asymptotically holomorphic sequences of sections of \(L^k\) \((\dim X= 2n)\) satisfying \(\eta\leq\| s_0\|^2+\cdots+ \| s_n\|^2\leq 1\), then \(\eta< \eta_0\), (Theorem 1.1, proved in \S5). The fraction \(p_k/q_k\) defines a map degree \(k\) on \(\mathbb{C} \mathbb{P}^1\). It is shown that the fibers of this map are distributed asymptotically uniform, that is, if \(x^k_i\) denote the points in one fiber for \(i= 1,\dots, k\), counted with multiplicity, and \(f\) is a \(C^2\)-function on \(S^2\), then \[ \Biggl|{1\over k} \sum^k_{i=1} f(x^k_i)- {1\over |S^2|} \int_{S^2} f\Biggr|\leq {C\|\Delta f\|_\infty\over k}, \] (Theorem 1.3. proved in \S3). This is a refinement of Donaldson's asymptotically uniform distribution theorem [\textit{S. K. Donaldson}, J. Differ. Geom. 44, No. 4, 666--705 (1996; Zbl 0883.53032)] (referred as Theorem 3.3 in this paper), when the manifold is \(S^2\). Theorem 1.3 is a kind of finding an optimal way of distributing points on the sphere. Related to this problem, adopting the results in [\textit{E. A. Rakhmanov}, \textit{E. B. Saff} and \textit{Y. M. Zhou}, Math. Res. Lett. 1, No. 6, 647--662 (1994; Zbl 0839.31011)], it is conjectured that if \(\{x_i\}\) are logarithmic equilibirium points, that is if the minimum of \(- \sum_{i< j}\log(d(x_i, x_j))\) is achieved by \(\{x_i\}\), then \[ \widehat p_k(z)= e^{k/2} \prod_i {(z- z_i)\over (1+|z_i|^2)^{1/2}}, \] is an \(\eta\) transverse sequence for some \(\eta\) (Conjecture 4.1). Some related conjectures and their numerical verifications are also given in \S4. In \S6, the last section, as an application of Proposition 1.2, existence of a constant \(C\) and a set of \(2k- 2\) points such that the equation \[ \Delta v_k= k- K_k e^{2v_k}, \] has a solution \(v_k\) with \(\| v_k\|_\infty\leq C\), for every sufficiently large \(k\), is shown (Proposition 6.1). \(\eta\) transverse and related notions are introduced to extend the notion of linear systems in algebraic geometry to symplectic geometry. This is explained in \S2 as the background of this paper.