Exponential stability of nonlinear differential equations in the presence of perturbations or delays (Q876073)

Consider first the initial value problem for a differential inclusion \[ \frac{dx_{\varepsilon}}{dt}(t)\in f(t,x_{\varepsilon}(t))+\varepsilon\| x_{\varepsilon}(t)\| B, \] for \(t\geq t_0\), where \(B\) is the closed \(n\)-dimensional unit ball, \(x_{\varepsilon}(t_0)=x^{0}\in\mathbb{R}^{n}\). It is assumed that the mapping \(f:\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^{n}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{n}\) is locally absolutely integrable in the first variable, with \(f(t,0)\equiv0\) and uniformly Lipschitz continuous with constant \(L\geq0\) in the second variable. Also, the ordinary differential system \[ \frac{dx}{dt}=f(t,x), \] with datum \(x(t_0)=x^0\), is exponentially stable at the origin: \(\| x(t)\|\leq C\text{e}^{-\alpha(t-t_{0})}\| x^0\|\) for all \(t\geq t_0\), \(t_0\in\mathbb{R}\), \(x^0\in\mathbb{R}^n\), where \(C\geq1\), \(\alpha>0\) are fixed. The result concerned with the differential inclusion reads as: to given \(\delta\in(0,\alpha)\), \(\varepsilon_{\delta}=C(2C)^{-\frac{L+C+1+\alpha}{\delta}}\) and \(\varepsilon\in(0,\varepsilon_{\delta}]\), all solutions of the initial value problem above are confined by \(\| x_{\varepsilon}(t)\|\leq C\text{e}^{-(\alpha-\delta)(t-t_0)}\| x^0\|\) in \([t_0,+\infty)\). The proof relies on introducing an interesting time sequence combined with a Gronwall-type estimate. The second result is concerned with the initial value problem for a nonlinear delay differential system \[ \frac{dx_h}{dt}(t)=F(t,x_h(t),x_h(t-h)) \] where \(t\geq t_0\), and \(x_h(t_0+s)=x^{0}(s)\). Here, \(x^0:[-h,0]\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^n\) is continuous. As before, it is assumed that the mapping \(F:\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^{n}\times\mathbb{R}^{n}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{n}\) is locally absolutely integrable in the first variable, with \(F(t,0,0)\equiv0\) and uniformly Lipschitz continuous with constants \(L_{1,2}\geq0\) in the second and the third variables. Also, the ordinary differential system \[ \frac{dx}{dt}=F(t,x,x) \] with datum \(x(t_0)=x^0\), is exponentially stable at the origin: \(\| x(t)\|\leq D\text{e}^{-\alpha(t-t_{0})}\| x^0\|\) for all \(t\geq t_0\), \(t_0\in\mathbb{R}\), \(x^0\in\mathbb{R}^n\), where \(D\geq1\), \(\alpha>0\) are fixed. The result concerned with the delay differential system reads as: to given \(\delta\in(0,\alpha)\), \(h_{\delta}=D\text{e}^{2\alpha}[L_2(L_1+L_2)]^{-1}\left(2D\text{e}^{2\alpha}\right)^{-\frac{L_1+L_2+De^{2\alpha}+1+\alpha}{\delta}}\) and \(h\in[0,\min\{1,h_{\delta}\}]\), all solutions of the initial value problem are confined by \(\| x_{h}(t)\|\leq D\text{e}^{2\alpha}\text{e}^{-(\alpha-\delta)(t-t_0)}\max_{s\in[-h,0]}\| x^0(s)\|\) in \([t_0,+\infty)\). To interconnect the results, the authors use the fact that any solution of the delay differential system is also a solution of the differential inclusion \[ \frac{dx_{h}}{dt}(t)\in F(t,x_{h}(t),x_{h}(t))+hL_{2}(L_{1}+L_{2})y_{h}(t)B, \] where \(y_h(t)=\max_{s\in[-h,t]}\| x_{h}(s)\|\) for \(t\in[t_0,t_0+h]\) and \(y_h(t)=\max_{s\in[t-2h,t]}\| x_{h}(s)\|\) for \(t\geq t_0+h\). The paper contains also references to recent literature, examples and two corollaries about local exponential stability for both problems. It is well-written, self-contained and of significant interest for people working in control theories.