Differential equations for Jacobi-Piñeiro polynomials (Q879666)

The classical Jacobi polynomial \[ P_l^{(\alpha,\beta)}(x)=(x-1)^{-\alpha}x^{-\beta}\frac{d^l}{dx^l}(x^{l+\beta}(x-1)^{l+\alpha}), \;\alpha,\beta>0, \;l\in\mathbb N, \] is the unique monic polynomial of degree \(l\) that is orthogonal to the monomials of smaller degrees with respect to the scalar product \[ <f,g>=\int_0^1f(x)g(x)(x-1)^{\alpha}x^{\beta}dx. \] It is well-known (classical) that a Jacobi polynomial is a solution of the hypergeometric differential equation. The paper extends this statement to more general polynomials: Jacobi-Piñeiro polynomials, which were introduced in [\textit{L. R. Pineiro Diaz}, Mosc. Univ. Math. Bull. 42, No.2, 52--55 (1987); translation from Vestn. Mosk. Univ., Ser. I 1987, No.~2, 67--70 (1987; Zbl 0655.41024)]. Roughly speaking, a Jacobi-Piñeiro polynomial is the unique monic polynomial of a given degree \(l\in\mathbb N\) that is orthogonal to given \(l\) monomials (of nonnegative (may be noninteger) degrees that are split into a given number \(r\) of tuples of those of subsequent degrees: \(d_j,d_j+1,\dots e_j\); \(j=1,\dots,r\)) and whose coefficients are rational functions in \(\alpha\), \(\beta\), \(d_j\) and \(e_j\). The authors construct a Fuchsian differential operator with singularities at 0, 1 and \(\infty\) that annihilates a given Jacobi-Piñeiro polynomial.