Volume expansion rate of the Lorentzian manifold based on integral Ricci curvature over a timelike geodesic (Q886338)

According to recent astronomical observations [see \textit{A. G. Riess} et al., Astrophys. J. 560, 49--71 (2001), and \textit{P. K. Townsend} and \textit{M. N. R. Wohlfarth}, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 061302 (2003)], the universe is not only expanding but also undergoing accelerated expansion. Therefore, the time-like convergence condition does not hold every time, that is, the Ricci curvature \(\text{Ric}(v,v)\) cannot be nonnegative for every time-like vector \(v\). In this paper, the author shows the volume expansion rate of the universe based on the integral norm of the negative part of the Ricci curvature along a timelike geodesic.