Angle preserving mappings (Q891805)

This paper deals with orthogonality preserving mappings between inner product spaces and inner product \(C^*\)-modules. Given two real inner product spaces \(X\) and \(Y\), a mapping \(T: X \rightarrow Y\) is orthogonality preserving if for all \(x, y \in X\), \(x \perp y\) implies \(Tx \perp Ty\). Theorem 3.5 lists the following six conditions that are equivalent to the orthogonality preserving condition for a nontrivial linear mapping \(T\): {\parindent=6mm \begin{itemize}\item[(1)] \(T\) is a similarity (i.e., there exists \(\gamma >0\) such that \(\|Tx\|=\gamma \|x\|\) for every \(x \in X\)); \item[(2)] strong orthogonality (\(x \perp y \,\, \Leftrightarrow Tx \perp Ty\)); \item[(3)] \(\|x\|=\|y\| \Rightarrow \|Tx\|= \|Ty\|\); \item[(4)] \(\|x\|= \|y\| \Leftrightarrow \|Tx\|= \|Ty\|\); \item[(5)] \(\|x\|\leq \|y\| \Rightarrow \|Tx\|\leq \|Ty\|\); \item[(6)] \(T\) is injective and \(\frac{\langle Tx, Ty\rangle }{\|Tx\| \|Ty\|} = \frac{\langle x, y\rangle }{\|x\| \|y\|}\). \end{itemize}} The authors also show, for a given \(\theta \in (0, \pi)\) and \(T\) linear and injective, that \(T\) is a similarity provided that \(T\) preserves angles strongly (i.e., \(x \angle_{\theta} y \Leftrightarrow Tx \angle_{\theta} Ty \), where \(\theta \in [0, \pi]\) and \(x \angle_{\theta} y= \cos^{-1} \frac{\langle x, y\rangle}{\|x\| \|y\|}\)) and satisfies the condition if \(\|x\|=\|y\|\) with \(x\angle_{\theta} y\), then \(\|Tx\|=\|Ty\|\) for all \(x, y \in X\). The last section is devoted to orthogonality preserving maps on inner product \(C^*\)-modules. Let \(\mathcal{A}\) denote a \(C^*\)-algebra, let \(\mathcal{E}\) and \(\mathcal{F}\) be inner product \(\mathcal{A}\)-modules. It is shown that each one of the following conditions: (i) \(|x|\leq |y| \Rightarrow |Tx|\leq |Ty|\), or (ii) \(|x|= |y| \Rightarrow |Tx|= |Ty|\), implies that \(T\) preserves orthogonality. The last result gives a characterization for orthogonality preserving in this setting: Let \(\mathcal{E}\) and \(\mathcal{F}\) be inner product \(\mathcal{A}\)-modules with \(\mathcal{A}\) a subalgebra of \(\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{H})\) (\(\mathcal{H}\) is a complex Hilbert space) containing the compact operators. Suppose that \(T: \mathcal{E} \rightarrow \mathcal{F}\) is a nonzero \(\mathcal{A}\)-linear mapping. Then \(T\) is orthogonality preserving if and only if \(|x|\leq |y| \Rightarrow |Tx|\leq |Ty|\) for all \(x,y \in \mathcal{E}\).