Bounds for Serre's open image theorem for elliptic curves over number fields (Q901791)

Let \(E\) be an elliptic curve over a number field \(K\) without complex multiplication, and let \(T_\ell(E)\) be the \(\ell\)-adic Tate module of \(E\) where \(\ell\) is a rational prime number. Since \(T_\ell(E)\) is a free module of rank \(2\) over \(\mathbb{Z}_\ell\), we have the \(\ell\)-adic representation \( \rho_\ell : \mathrm{Gal}(\bar K/K) \to \mathrm{GL}_2(\mathbb{Z}_\ell)\), and over all \(\ell\) we have the representation with the adelic coefficients \( \rho_\infty : \mathrm{Gal}(\bar K/K) \to \mathrm{GL}_2(\widehat{\mathbb{Z}})\). Let \(G_\infty\) denote the image of \(\rho_\infty\). By Serre's open image theorem [\textit{J.-P. Serre}, Invent. Math. 15, 259--331 (1972; Zbl 0235.14012)], \(G_\infty\) is open in \(\mathrm{GL}_2(\widehat{\mathbb{Z}})\). In [\textit{D. Zywina}, ``Bounds for Serre's open image theorem'', Preprint, \url{arXiv:1102.4656}], the index \([\mathrm{GL}_2(\widehat{\mathbb{Z}}):G_\infty]\) is explicitly computed for \(K=\mathbb{Q}\). The author of the paper under review computes an explicit upper bound of the index for a general number field \(K\): \[ [\mathrm{GL}_2(\widehat{\mathbb{Z}}):G_\infty] \leq \gamma_1 [K:\mathbb{Q}]^{\gamma_2} \max\{ 1, h(E), \log[K:\mathbb{Q}]^{2\gamma_2} \} \] where \(\gamma_1=\exp(10^{21483})\), \(\gamma_2=2.4\times 10^{10}\), and \(h(E)\) is the stable Faltings height. Later with help of Éric Gaudron and Gaël Rémond (unpublished results), the factors are dramatically reduced as follows: \[ [\mathrm{GL}_2(\widehat{\mathbb{Z}}):G_\infty] \leq \gamma_3\big( [K:\mathbb{Q}] \max\{ 1, h(E), \log[K:\mathbb{Q}] \}\big)^{\gamma_4} \] where \(\gamma_3=\exp(1.9^{10})\), \(\gamma_4=12395\). By Serre's theorem [loc. cit.] and the author's work, there is an explicit constant \(\gamma_E\) for an elliptic curve \(E\) with complex multiplication such that \([K(P):K] \geq \gamma_E N(P)^2\) where \(P\) is a torsion point in \(E(\bar K)\) and \(N(P)\) is the order of \(P\). For example, \(\gamma=\big( \zeta(2) [\mathrm{GL}_2(\widehat{\mathbb{Z}}):G_\infty]\big)^{-1}\).