Baire measurable paradoxical decompositions via matchings (Q904022)

It is proved that if an action of a group \(\Gamma\) acting on a Polish space \(X\) by Borel automorphisms has a paradoxical decomposition (there are a partition \((A_1,\dots,A_p,B_1,\dots,B_q)\) of \(X\) and \(\alpha_1,\dots,\alpha_p,\beta_1,\dots,\beta_q\in\Gamma\) such that \(\{\alpha_i A_i\}\) and \(\{\beta_j B_j\}\) are partitions of \(X\)), then the decomposition can be found to consist of sets having the Baire property. The method of proof is to find a perfect matching on a comeager Borel set for a related locally finite bipartite Borel graph \(G\). The key tool is a strengthened Hall's condition estimating the number of neighbours of some finite sets in the graph from below. This result gives in particular a new proof of the result of Dougherty and Foreman, who solved a Marczewski problem by showing that a Banach-Tarski paradoxical decomposition of the unit ball in \(\mathbb R^3\) may consist of sets with the Baire property (see [\textit{R. Dougherty} and \textit{M. Foreman}, J. Am. Math. Soc. 7, No. 1, 75--124 (1994; Zbl 0795.28003)]). Using perfect matching of graphs again, it is shown that having a nonamenable action of \(\Gamma\) on \(X\) by Borel automorphisms, there is a particular free action of the free group with two generators acting by Baire measurable automorphisms. An example of two Borel sets which are equidecomposable with respect to a group acting by Borel automorphisms on a Polish space \(X\), but which are not equidecomposable using sets with the Baire property, is given. The example uses a particular bipartite graph with no Borel perfect matching on any residual set introduced by \textit{M. Laczkovich} in [Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 103, No. 3, 894--896 (1988; Zbl 0668.28002)].