Relatively standard elements in Nelson's internal set theory (Q911590)

In this paper, a concept is introduced by the following formula in the internal set theory of E. Nelson: \[ (1)\quad \exists^{st}\quad \phi (F fin(\phi)\quad \wedge \quad y\in dom \phi \quad \wedge \quad x\in \phi (y)) \] F fin(\(\phi)\) means \(\phi\) is a function and for all \(x\in range f\), x is finite. (1) is denoted by the symbol: x st y and this is read as ``x is a standard element relative to y''. Some basic properties of x st y are given and proved: 1) x st y and y st z imply x st z. 2) x st y and Fin(x) imply \(\forall z\in x\) (z st y). 3) x st y implies Su(x) and Su(y), where Su(x) means \(\exists^{st} X(x\in X)\). 4) Su(y) and Su(x) imply x st y. The author shows that this concept is useful. ``x is \(\tau\)-infinitesimal (in symbols \(x\sim^{\tau}0)''\) is given by the statement: for any nonnegative standard function \(\phi\) such that \(\tau\in dom \phi\), \(x<\phi (\tau)\) holds. This concept is applied to a new interpretation of the double limit. Let f(x,y) be a standard function: \(R^ 2\to R\) and A a standard number. Suppose that \(\lim_{y\to 0}f(x,y)\) exists for a neighbourhood of \(x=0\). Then \[ \lim_{x\to 0}\lim_{y\to 0}f(x,y)\quad \rightleftharpoons \quad \forall \alpha \sim 0\quad \forall \beta \sim^{\alpha}0\quad (f(\alpha,\beta)\sim A). \] Moreover, there are some applications to infinite natural numbers and topological spaces.