Numerical study for parametric excitation of differential equation near a 4-resonance (Q915515)

In this paper, we will study the Poincaré-Hopf bifurcation of a class of Lienard forced differential equations in \({\mathbb{R}}^ 2\), which coefficients vary periodically in time: (1) \(\dot x=y\); \(\dot y=F(x,y,\mu)+G(x,t)\), \(\mu \in {\mathbb{R}}^ 2\), where F and G are supposed sufficiently regular with respect to their arguments, and where g is T- periodic in time. Many mechanical systems are governed by such equations. For an autonomous \({\mathbb{R}}^ 2\) differential equation, the Poincarè- Hopf bifurcation has already been studied by Poincaré and Hopf, and we know a unique periodical and asymptotically stable solution (Poincaré limit cycle) can be found. For periodical coefficient systems (1), research of stationary solutions is made by using the stroboscopical method which associate a Poincaré map: (2) \({\mathcal T}:\) (x,y)\(\to (g(x,y,T)\), f(x,y,T)), where g(.) and f(.) are the values at \((t+T)\) of solution of (1) initialized by (x(t),y(t)), T being the coefficients' period. We can therefore study the properties of the differential system (1) by using invariant solutions of \({\mathcal T}\). A fixed point p of (2) (corresponding to a T-periodical solution of (1)) is said to be resonant for \(\mu =\mu_ 0\) if D\({\mathcal T}(\mu_ 0,p)\) has complex eigenvalues \(\lambda (\mu_ 0)\) and \({\bar \lambda}\)(\(\mu\) \({}_ 0)\) such that \(\lambda^ k(\mu_ 0)=1\), \(k\in {\mathbb{N}}\). In the \(\mu\)-parameter space E, such a point is noted \(P_ k.\) Analytical results concerning the study of resonant cases for \(k=1,2,3\) show that a unique k-periodic points and one closed invariant curve can exist around \(P_ k\). For resonant cases with \(k\geq 5\), \textit{V. I. Arnold} [Funk. Anal. Ego. Priloz. 11, 2, 1-10 (1977)] demonstrates, in the \(\mu\)-parameter space E, the existence of horn shaped regions \({\mathcal K}_ k\) whose boundaries are the saddle-node bifurcation locus of k- periodic points, the existence of a ``resonance circle'' in phase portrait of \({\mathcal T}\), for values \(\mu\in {\mathcal K}_ k\), can also be proved. For strong resonant case \(k=4\), known results are incomplete: indeed, it is known since \textit{G. Iooss} and \textit{D. D. Joseph} [Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 66, 135-172 (1977; Zbl 0448.34044)] that for \(k=4\), in \(\mu\)- parameter space E, there is a horn, \({\mathcal K}_ 4\), in which there exists a pair of 4-periodic points of \({\mathcal T}\). The boundaries \({\mathcal B}_ 1\) and \({\mathcal B}_ 2\) of this horn, are the saddle-node bifurcation locus on 4-periodic points produced at \(P_ 4.\) \textit{Y. Wan} [ibid. 68, 343-357 (1978; Zbl 0399.58005)] demonstrates that in the region of E where the bifurcation does not create 4-periodic points, a closed invariant curve generally appear.