On periodic elliptic equations with gradient dependence (Q928315)

The authors consider equations of the form \[ \Delta u = f(x,u,\nabla u), \tag{\(*\)} \] where \(f\in C({\mathbb R}^n \times {\mathbb R} \times {\mathbb R}^n)\) is \({\mathbb Z}^n\) periodic and odd in \((x,t)\). Given any \(\omega\in {\mathbb Z}^n\), solutions \(u\) of \((*)\) are sought such that \(u(x)=\omega \cdot x + U(x)\) for a \({\mathbb Z}^n\) is a periodic function \(U\). Several existence results of such kind are proved. The main one is the following. Suppose in addition to the above assumptions that there exist \(\Lambda_*,\lambda_*\geq 0\) such that \[ | f(x,t,p)| \leq \Lambda_*+\lambda_*| p|, \] for all \((x,t,p)\in {\mathbb R}^n\times {\mathbb R}\times {\mathbb R}^n\). Then there is a constant \(c=c(n)\) such that if \(\lambda_*\leq c\), then for any \(\omega\in{\mathbb Z}^n\) there is a solution \(u\in W^{1,2}_{\text{loc}}({\mathbb R}^n)\) of \((*)\) such that \(U(x)=u(x)-\omega\cdot x\) satisfies \(U(x+l)=U(x)=-U(-x)\) for all \(x\in {\mathbb R}^n\), \(l\in {\mathbb Z}^n\), and \[ \| U\| _{W^{2,2}(T^n)} \leq C(n) ( \Lambda_* + \lambda_*| \omega| ). \] The proof is based on a Galerkin approximation and the Brouwer fixed point theorem. Several extensions of this result are also given. The results are motivated by work of \textit{J.~Moser} [Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré Anal. Non Linéaire 3, 229--272 (1986; Zbl 0609.49029)] and its extensions by \textit{V.~Bangert} [Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré Anal. Non Linéaire 6, 95--138 (1989; Zbl 0678.58014)] and \textit{U.~Bessi} [Commun. Partial Differential Equations 30, 1773--1804 (2005; Zbl 1131.35010)].