Characterizations of groups generated by Kronecker sets (Q933157)

Let \(\mathbb R\) denote the additive group of real numbers, \(\mathbb Z\) its subgroup consisting of the integers and \(T\) the torus \(\mathbb R/\mathbb Z\). A set \(K\subseteq T\) is called a ``Kronecker set'' if it is nonempty, compact, and for every continuous function \(f:K\rightarrow T\) and \(\delta>0\) there is an \(n\in{\mathbb Z}\) such that \[ \max_{\alpha\in K}\|f(\alpha)-n\alpha\|<\delta. \] (If \(x\in{\mathbb R},\) then \(\|x\|\) denotes the distance of \(x\) to the nearest integer.) Let \(K\) be a Kronecker set and \(G\) the subgroup of \(T\) generated by \(K.\) The author proves the following characterization of \(G\) by subsets \(A\) of \({\mathbb Z}^2.\) Put \(\ell(0)=0,\) \(\ell(x)=-(\log_2x)^{-1}\) if \(0<x<1/2,\) \(\ell(x)=1\) if \(x\geq1/2.\) Theorem. Let \(\varepsilon>0\) be an arbitrary positive real number. Then there is an infinite subset \(A\subseteq{\mathbb Z}^2\) (\(A\) depends on \(\varepsilon)\) such that for every \(\alpha\in G\) we have \[ \sum_{{\mathbf n}=(n_1,n_2)\in A}\ell^{1+\varepsilon}(\min(\|n_1\alpha\|,\|n_2\alpha\|))<\infty, \] and if \(\beta\in T\) satisfies \[ \min(\|n_1\beta\|,\|n_2\beta\|)<{1\over{10}} \] for all but finitely many \({\mathbf n}=(n_1,n_2)\in A,\) then \(\beta\in G.\) The author proves also that if \(K\) is uncountable, then this characterization is impossible by subsets \(A\) of \(\mathbb Z\).