Pullback attractors and statistical solutions for 2-D Navier-Stokes equations (Q934165)

The main aim in this paper is to construct a family of time-average probability measures \(\{\mu_t\}_{t\in\mathbb R}\) for the nonautonomous dynamical system \(\{U(t, \tau ): t, \tau \in\mathbb R\), \(\tau\leq t\}\) in the phase space \(H\) of initial conditions, associated with the Cauchy problem for the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes system \[ u_t+\nu Au +B(u) =f(t), \quad u(t)|_{t=\tau}=u_\tau, \quad \tau\in \mathbb R. \] The family \(\{\mu_t\}_{t\in\mathbb R}\) is a direct generalization of the notion of stationary statistical solutions of the 2-D Navier-Stokes system in the autonomous case, i.e., when \(f\) is independent of time. The author proves that the dynamical system has a pullback attractor \(\{A(t)\}_{t\in\mathbb R}\) whose sections \(A(t)\) are carriers of the measures \(\mu_t\). More precisely, for a given generalized limit \(\text{LIM}_{\tau\to\infty}\), an arbitrary but fixed element \(u_0\) in the phase phase \(H\), and each \(t \in {\mathbb R}\), there exists a Borel probability measure \(\mu_t\) on \(H\) such that \[ \underset{\tau\to-\infty} {\text{LIM}}\;\frac{1}{t-\tau} \int_\tau^t \varphi(U(t,s)u_0)\,ds = \int_{A(t)} \varphi(u)\,d\mu_t(u) \] holds true for all continuous real-valued functionals \(\varphi\) on \(H\). Moreover, the measures \(\{\mu_t\}_{t\in\mathbb R}\) satisfy a suitable Liouville equation.