Perturbations of embedded eigenvalues for the biLaplacian on a cylinder (Q934238)

Let \(\Delta^2\) be the bi-Laplacian in \(L^2(\mathbb{R}\times S^1)\), \(\alpha\in (0,1)\), \(\beta> 1\) and \[ \begin{multlined} X_\beta= \Biggl\{\rho\in C^{0,\alpha}(\mathbb{R}\times S^1): \sup_{(z_j,\varphi_j)\in \mathbb{R}\times S^1}{|\rho(z_1,\varphi_1)- \rho(z_0,\varphi_2)|\over |(z_1,\varphi_1)- (z_2,\varphi_2)|^\alpha}\\ +\sup_{(z,\varphi)\in\mathbb{R}\times S^1} |\rho(z,\varphi)|(1+|z|)^\beta< \infty\Biggr\}.\end{multlined} \] The authors state and prove the following theorem: If \(\Theta\in X_\beta\) and \(\Delta^2+\Theta\) has a simple eigenvalue \(\lambda_0> 0\) such that \(\lambda^{1/4}\not\in\mathbb{Z}\), then there exists a \(\delta> 0\) and a neighbourhood \(U\) of \(0\) in \(X_\beta\) such that \({\mathcal M}_b\cap U\) is a smooth manifold of codimension \(4m- 2\). Here \(m\) is the smallest nonnegative integer such that \(\lambda_0< m^4\) and \[ {\mathcal M}_\delta= \{\rho\in X_\beta: \Delta^2+ \Theta+\rho\text{ has an eigenvalue in }(\lambda_0- \delta,\lambda_0+\delta)\}. \] In order to prove this theorem the authors show that the eigenfunction of \(\Delta^2\Theta\) corresponding to the eigenvalue \(\lambda_0\) decays exponentially fast and then proceed via Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction. The authors also show, by an explicite example, that the hypothesis of the theorem is not void.