Basic Soules matrices and their applications (Q935370)

This paper deals with properties of the basic Soules matrices in \(\mathbb R^{n \times n}\) which are a special subclass of the \(n \times n\) Soules matrices generated via the basic Soules basis. An orthogonal matrix \(R=[r_{ij}]=[R^{(1)} | R^{(2)} | \cdots | R^{(n)}]\) is called a Soules basis matrix if its first column \(R^{(1)}\) is positive and for any nonnegative diagonal matrix \(D=\text{diag}(\lambda_1, \ldots, \lambda_n)\), with \(\lambda_1 \geq \lambda_2 \geq \cdots \lambda_n \geq 0\), the symmetric matrix \(A=RDR^T\) has nonnegative entries only. Some Soules basis matrices have the following sign pattern \[ \text{sign}(r_{ij})= \left \{ \begin{matrix} >0, & \text{if} \;j<n-i+2 \\ <0, & \text{if} \;j=n-i+2 \\ =0, & \text{if} \;j>n-i+2 \end{matrix} \right. \] which is called sign pattern \(\mathcal{N}\). An \(n \times n\) symmetric nonnegative matrix \(A\) is a basic Soules matrix if \(A=R_nDR_n^T\), where \(R_n\) is the \(n \times n\) Soules basis matrix of sign pattern \(\mathcal{N}\) and first column \(R_n^{(1)}=e_n/\sqrt{n}\), with \(e_n\) the \(n\)-vector of all ones, \(D=\text{diag}(\lambda_1, \dots, \lambda_n)\), with \(\lambda_1 \geq \lambda_2 \geq \cdots \lambda_n\) and \(\lambda_1 >0\). The first goal of this paper is to study the permanent of basic Soules matrices. The authors provide a lower bound and an upper bound on the permanent of a doubly stochastic basic Soules matrix in terms of its eigenvalues. They also determine exact expressions for the permanents of certain doubly stochastic basic Soules matrices. On the other hand, the authors study the Hadamard product \(A \circ A^{-1}\) for a nonsingular basic Soules matrix \(A \in\mathbb R^{n \times n}\). They prove that matrix \(A \circ A^{-1}\) has a basic Soules basis of eigenvectors and they analyze when the Hadamard product of two matrices generated by a Soules basis matrix \(R_n\) is again a matrix generated by the same Soules basis matrix. Furthermore, the authors obtain explicit formulas for the eigenvalues of \(A \circ A^{-1}\) in terms of the eigenvalues of \(A\). Finally, the authors analyze the question of for which doubly stochastic basic Soules matrices \(A \in\mathbb R^{n \times n}\), is the group inverse of \(Q=I-A\) an \(M\)-matrix?