Two constructions of weight systems for invariants of knots in non-trivial 3-manifolds (Q946598)

A chord diagram of degree \(k\) is an arbitrary collection of \(2k\) distinct points in \(S^1\) matched in pairs. A smooth map \(f: S^1 \rightarrow M^3\), where \(M^3\) is an orientable 3-manifold, respects some chord diagram if it joins the points of any of its pairs. Two \(k\)-chord diagrams are equivalent if they can be transformed into one another by orientation-preserving diffeomorphisms of \(S^1\). Given an equivalence class \(A\) of \(k\)-chord diagrams, two maps \(f_1,f_2 : S^1 \rightarrow M^3\) belong to the same \(A\)-route of degree \(k\), if one can be reduced to the other by, roughly speaking, homotopies in the class of maps and diffeomorphisms of \(S^1\). A degree \(k\) weight system in \(M^3\) is a numerical function on the set of all \(A\)-routes of degree \(k\) in \(M^3\), satisfying the so called \(1T\)-relation and \(4T\)-relation. In the paper under review a new family of weight systems of finite type knot invariants of any positive degree in orientable 3-manifolds with non-trivial first homology group is constructed. Every unordered collection of \(k+1\) non-zero elements of \(H_1(M^3)\) defines a degree \(k\) weight system in \(M^3\). Given a collection \(\Gamma\) of elements \(\gamma_0,\dots , \gamma_k \in H_1 (M^3 ) - 0\), the function \(I_{\Gamma}\) on the space of all \(A\)-routes of degree \(k\) is defined as follows: If the chord diagram \(A\) has at least one pair of crossing chords, then the value of \(I _{\Gamma}\) on any \(A\)-route is equal to 0. If \(A\) has no such crossing chords, then for any generic immersion \(f: S^1 \rightarrow M^3\), respecting this chord diagram and having no other self-intersection, the variety \(f(S^1)\) defines naturally \(k+1\) elements of \(H_1(M^3)\). The value of \(I_{\Gamma}\) on an \(A\)-route is equal to 1 if the obtained unordered collection of elements of \(H_1(M^3)\) coincides with the given collection \((\gamma_0, \dots ,\gamma_k)\) and it is equal to 0 otherwise.