Isometries of a generalized numerical radius (Q947610)

Let \(M_n\) be the algebra of all \(n \times n\) complex matrices. For \(0 \leq q \leq 1\), the \(q\)-numerical range and the \(q\)-numerical radius of \(A \in M_n\) are defined by \(W_q(A) = \{x^*Ay : x, y \in {\mathbb C}^n, \| x\| =\| y\| =1, \langle y,x\rangle=q\}\) and \(r_q(A)=\max\{| \lambda| :\lambda\in W_q(A)\}\), respectively. The authors show that for \(0<q<1\) a (not necessarily linear) mapping \(\varphi: M_n \to M_n\) preserves the \(q\)-numerical range if and only if there is a unitary \(U\in M_n\) such that \(\varphi(A)=U^*AU\) or \(\varphi(A)=U^*A^tU\) for all \(A \in M_n\), where \(A^t\) denotes the transpose of \(A\). They also show that \(\varphi\) is an isometry of the metric space \((M_n,r_q)\) if and only if there exist a matrix \(S_0\in M_n\), a unitary \(U\in M_n\) and a complex number \(\mu\) with \(| \mu| =1\) such that \(\varphi(A)=S_0+\mu U^*A^\dag U\) for all \(A\in M_n\), where \(A^\dag\) denotes either \(A\), \(A^t\), \(A^*\) or \(\overline{A}\).