Weights in Serre's conjecture for Hilbert modular forms: the ramified case (Q948893)

Let \(F\) be a totally real field and \(p \geq 3\) a prime number. For any place \(v\) of \(F\), let \(\mathcal{O}_v\) be the completion of the ring of integers \(\mathcal{O}\) of \(F\) at \(v\) and \(k_v\) its residue field. Let \(p \mathcal{O} = \prod_{v \mid p} v^{e_v}\) where \(e_v\) is the ramification index of \(F_v\) over \(\mathbb{Q}_p\). The author defines a Serre weight as an irreducible \(\overline{\mathbb{F}}_p\)-representation of the group \(\text{GL}_2(\mathcal{O}/p) = \prod_{v \mid p} \text{GL}_2(\mathcal{O}/v^{e_v})\). Any irreducible \(\overline{\mathbb{F}}_p\)-representation of \(\text{GL}_2(\mathcal{O}/v^{e_v})\) factors through \(\text{GL}_2(\mathcal{O}/v^{e_v}) \rightarrow \text{GL}_2(k_v)\). Let \(D\) be a quaternion algebra over \(F\) which is split at exactly one real place of \(F\) and at all places over \(p\) and \(G = \text{Res}_{F/\mathbb{Q}}(D^*)\) be the associated reductive group. An open compact subgroup \(U\) of \(G(\mathbb{A}^\infty)\) is of type (*) if \(U = U' \times U^p\) where \(U'\) is the kernel of \(\prod_{v \mid p} \text{GL}_2(\mathcal{O}_v) \rightarrow \text{GL}_2(\mathcal{O}/p)\) and \(U^p \subseteq G(\mathbb{A}^{\infty,p})\). Let \(M_U/F\) be the Shimura curve associated to \(U\). If \(U^p\) is sufficiently small, then \(M_U/M_V\), where \(V = \prod_{v \mid p} \text{GL}_2(\mathcal{O}_v) \times U^p\), is a Galois cover with group \(V/U = \text{GL}_2(\mathcal{O}/p)\) so there is an action of \(V/U\) on \(\text{Pic}^0(M_U)\). The author defines an irreducible Galois representation \(\rho: \text{Gal}(\overline{F}/F) \rightarrow \text{GL}_2(\overline{\mathbb{F}}_p)\) to be modular of weight \(\sigma\) if there exists a quaternion algebra \(D/F\) as above and an open compact subgroup \(U \subseteq (D \otimes \hat{\mathbb{Z}})^* \subseteq G(\mathbb{A}^\infty)\) of type (*) such that \[ \left( \text{Pic}^0(M_U)[p] \otimes_{\overline{\mathbb{F}}_p} \sigma \right)^{\text{GL}_2(\mathcal{O}/p)} \] has \(\rho\) as a Jordan-Hölder constituent. The author then makes a refined Serre's conjecture for the weights which can arise from modular Galois representations \(\rho\) as above. In particular, for each place \(\mathfrak{p} \mid p\), a set of weights \(W_{\mathfrak{p}}^?(\rho)\) is defined, and it is conjectured that the set of weights for which \(\rho\) is modular is given by \[ W(\rho) = \left\{ \sigma = \otimes_{v \mid p} \sigma_v, \sigma_v \in W_v^?(\rho) \right\}. \] This conjecture is a generalization of previous conjectures which were restricted to the case when \(p\) was unramified in \(F\) [\textit{F. Herzig}, Duke Math. J. 149, No. 1, 37--116 (2009; Zbl 1232.11065); \textit{K. Buzzard, F. Diamond}, and \textit{F. Jarvis}, ``On Serre's conjecture for mod \(\ell\) Galois representations over totally real fields'', preprint (2005). Available at http://www.unet.brandeis.edu/~fdiamond/bdj12.pdf]. In terms of what is currently known, it was shown in [\textit{M. M. Schein}, J. Reine Angew. Math. 622, 57--94 (2008; Zbl 1230.11070)] that the set of weights for which \(\rho\) is modular is contained in \[ \left\{ \sigma = \otimes_{v \mid p} \sigma_v, \sigma_v \in W_v^?(\rho) \right\} \] if \(p\) is unramified in \(F\). The paper proves some cases of the conjecture and uses Dembélé's computations of Hilbert modular forms over \(\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{5})\) to provide evidence in support of the conjecture.