\(PT\) symmetric Schrödinger operators: reality of the perturbed eigenvalues (Q970315)

The authors prove the reality of the eigenvalues for some \(PT\) symmetric Hamiltonians of the form \(H(\varepsilon )=H_0+V_\varepsilon\), \(\varepsilon \in\mathbb R\), by proving the stability of unperturbed eigenvalues. In particular, in Section 2, they investigate Hamiltonians of the form \( H_2(\varepsilon)=-\frac{d^2}{dx_1^2}-\frac{d^2}{dx_2^2} +\omega_1^2 x_1^2+\omega _2^2 x_2^2+i\varepsilon x_1^r x_2^s\), \(x\in( x_1,x_2) \in\mathbb R^2\), where they assume \(r,s\in\mathbb N\), \(r+s\) odd, and the frequencies \(\omega_1,\omega_2>0\) are non-resonant, i.e., the equation \(k_1w_1+k_2w_2=0\), \(k_1,k_2\in\mathbb Z\), is satisfied if and only if \(k_1k_2=0\). It is shown that near each unperturbed eigenvalue \(\lambda _{n_1,n_2}(0)\), \(n_1,n_2\in\mathbb N_0=\{0,1,2,\dots\}\), of \(H_2(0)\), there exists one and only one eigenvalue \(\lambda_{n_1,n_2}(\varepsilon)\) of \(H_2(\varepsilon)\) for \(\varepsilon\in\mathbb R\) small, converging to \(\lambda _{n_1,n_2}(0)\) as \(\varepsilon\rightarrow 0\). Moreover, the eigenvalue \(\lambda_{n_1,n_2}(\varepsilon)\) of \(H_2(\varepsilon)\) is real. In Section 3, the authors consider one-dimensional operators of the form \(H_3(\varepsilon)=-\frac{d^2}{dx^2}+x^2(ix)^{\varepsilon}\), \(| \varepsilon | <1\). It is shown that near each eigenvalue \(\lambda _n(0)\), \(n\in\mathbb N_0\), of \(H_3(0)\), there exists one and only one eigenvalue \(\lambda_n(\varepsilon)\) of \(H_3(\varepsilon)\) for \(\varepsilon\in( -1,1)\), \(| \varepsilon|\) small, converging to \(\lambda_n(0)\) as \(\varepsilon\rightarrow 0\). Moreover, \(\lambda_n(\varepsilon)\) is real. Some applications to mechanics of the considered Schrödinger operator family are given.