Phase transition in a Vlasov-Boltzmann binary mixture (Q982456)

The authors investigate bifurcation phenomena on the basis of the binary mixture model. For this aim it is considered the Vlasov-Boltzmann evolution coupled system \[ \begin{aligned} \partial_tf_1+v\partial_xf_1+F(f_2)\partial_vf_1 &= Q(f_1,f_1+f_2),\\ \partial_tf_2+v\partial_xf_2+F(f_1)\partial_vf_2 &= Q(f_2,f_1+f_2), \end{aligned} \] where the non negative functions \(f_i(t,x,\xi)\), \(i=1,2,\) denote the probability densities of finding a particle of species 1 or 2 in a cell of the phase space around to the point \((x,\xi)\) at time \(t\in \mathbb R^+.\) It is considered the case \(x\in \mathbb{R},\) while the velocity \(\xi=(v,\zeta)\in \mathbb R^3\) with \(\zeta\in\mathbb{R}^2.\) Here the Vlasov force \(F(h)\) due to the mass distribution \(h\) is defined as \[ F(h)(t,x)=-\partial_x\int_{\mathbb R} dy\,U(| x-y|) \int_{\mathbb R} d\xi\, h(t,y,\xi), \] where \(U(r),\) the interaction potential is non negative, smooth, bounded, with \( U(r)=0 \) for \( r\geq 1 \) and \[ \int_{\mathbb R}dx\,U(|x|)=1. \] The collision integral is defined as: \[ Q(h_1,h_2)(\xi)=\int_{\mathbb R^3\times\mathbb S^2} |(\xi-\xi')\omega|\big\{h_1(\xi_*)h_2(\xi_*')-h_1(\xi)h_2(\xi')\big\}\,d\xi' \,d\omega \] with \(\mathbb{S}^2=\{\omega\in \mathbb{R}^3\mid |\omega|=1\}\) and \(\xi_*,\xi_*'\) related to \(\xi,\xi'\) by the usual elastic collision relations \[ \xi_*=\xi-\omega \big[\omega(\xi-\xi')\big], \qquad\xi_*'=\xi'+\omega\big[\omega(\xi-\xi')\big]. \] The authors show that for any \(\beta>0\), the couple \( (a_1\mu_{\beta},a_2\mu_{\beta}),\) with \(\mu_{\beta}\) the spatially homogeneous Maxwellian at temperature \(\beta^{-1},\) \[ \mu_{\beta}(\xi)= \bigg( \frac{\beta}{2\pi}\bigg)^{\frac{3}{2}} e^{-\beta\xi^2/2} \] and \(a_i>0,\) is an equilibrium solution. And for \(\beta\) larger than a certain critical value, the non-homogeneous equilibria, the solutions are dynamically stable with respect to the Vlasov-Boltzmann evolution coupled system, while the homogeneous equilibrium becomes dynamically unstable.