Symmetric square \(L\)-values and dihedral congruences for cusp forms (Q983305)

Let \(p\) be a prime with \(p\equiv3 \mod 4\), and \(2k=p+1\). The authors prove two theorems about cusp forms of weight \(k\) for the modular group \(\text{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z})\). For the one evaluate the completed symmetric square \(L\)-function \(\widehat{L}(\mathrm{Sym}^2(g),s)\) of a primitive Hecke eigenform \(g\) at its right-most critical value in the sense of Deligne, which is at \(s=2k-2\), and let \(\widehat{L}(\mathrm{Sym}^2(g),2k-2)_{\text{alg}}\) denote the non-zero totally real algebraic number obtained from it by killing the transcendental factor \(\pi^{k/2-1}\langle g,g\rangle\) (cf. Corollary to Theorem 2 in [\textit{D. Zagier}, ``Modular forms whose Fourier coefficients involve zeta-functions of quadratic fields'', Lect. Notes Math. 627, 105--169 (1977; Zbl 0372.10017)]). By the functional equation this is equal to \(\widehat{L}(\mathrm{Sym}^2(g),1)_{\text{alg}}\), the sum of which over a primitive Hecke eigenbasis is called the \(k\)-trace, and denoted \(\text{trace}_k(\widehat{L}(\mathrm{Sym}^2,1)_{\text{alg}})\). The first theorem (Theorem I in the paper) then states that this trace is an element of \(p^{-1}\mathbb{Z}_{(p)}^\times\) if and only if the class number \(h(\sqrt{-p})\) is greater than \(1\). Here, \(\mathbb{Z}_{(p)}\) denotes the localisation at \(p\). For the other assume \(k\) to be even and denote the Fourier coefficients of \(g\) by \(\{a_n\}_n\). The second theorem (Theorem III in the paper) then states that the simultaneous existence of a normalised cuspidal Hecke eigenform \(g\) of weight \(k\) and a prime \(\mathfrak{p}\) of \(\mathbb{Q}(\{a_n\}_n)\) lying over \(p\) such that \(a_\ell\equiv0\mod\mathfrak{p}\) for all primes \(\ell\) being a quadratic non-residue mod \(p\) is equivalent to the fact \(h(\sqrt{-p})>1\). The proof of the first theorem uses the explicit arithmetic of Fourier coefficients of Eisenstein series and related special values of Dirichlet \(L\)-functions. The second theorem is deduced from Khare's proof of the Serre conjecture for trivial Artin conductor. Finally, the authors relate the two theorems by virtue of the Bloch-Kato conjecture on special values of \(L\)-functions.