Arithmetic partial differential equations. I (Q990746)

Let \(p\) be a prime number. A \(\{\delta_p,\delta_q\} \)-ring is a \(p\)-adically complete Noetherian integral domain of characteristic zero equipped with a \(p\)-derivation \(\delta_p:A\to A \) (\(\delta_p(1)=0\), \(\delta_p(x+y)=\delta_px+\delta_py+\frac{x^p+y^p-(x+y)^p}{p}\), \(\delta_p(xy)=x^p\delta_py+y^p\delta_px+p\delta_px\delta_py, x,y\in A\)) and a \(\delta_p\)-derivation \(\delta_q:A\to A\) (\(\delta_q(x+y)=\delta_qx+\delta_qy\), \(\delta_q(xy)=x\delta_qy+y\delta_qx\), \(\delta_q\delta_px=p\delta_p\delta_qx+(\delta_qx)^p-x^{p-1}\delta_qx, x,y\in A\) ). Let \(G\) be a commutative group scheme \(G\) over \(A\). The authors define \(\{\delta_p,\delta_q\}\)-characters of \(G\) and interpret them as linear partial differential operators. They treat the following main problems: Find all \(\{\delta_p,\delta_q\}\)-characters on a given group scheme \(G\). For any \(\{\delta_p,\delta_q\}\)-character \(\psi\), describe the kernel of \(\psi\), that is, the group of solutions of \(\psi u=0\), and study the behavior of the solutions in terms of ``convolution'', ``boundary value problems'', ``characteristic polynomial'', ``propagators'', ``Huygens' principle'', etc. For any \(\{\delta_p,\delta_q\}\)-character \(\psi\), describe the image of \(\psi\), that is the group of all the \(\varphi\) such that the inhomogeneous equation \(\psi u=\varphi\) has a solution. They thoroughly analyze the additive group \(G={\mathbb G}_a\), the multiplicative group \(G={\mathbb G}_m\), and elliptic curves \(G=E\) over \(A\).