Weighted sums of squares in local rings and their completions. II (Q993359)

This paper continues Scheiderer's paper [part I, ibid., 1--19 (2010; Zbl 1198.14056)]. We use here the notation and definitions of its review to the extent possible. Here the author studies essentially the converse of the questions studied in I. Let \((A,\mathfrak{m})\) be an excellent regular local ring, let \(T=PO(h_1,\dots, h_r)\) be a finitely generated preordering in \(A,\) and let \(\widehat{T}\) be the preordering generated by the \(h_i\) in the completion \(\widehat{A}=\lim_{\leftarrow n} A/\mathfrak{m}^n\) of \(A\). When does the property of being saturated descend from \(\widehat{T}\) to \(T\)? Usually one has to require for \(A\) Krull dimension \(\leq 2\) and a number of other conditions. But the two main results give conditions of geometric nature that cover a large class of cases. Sections 1 and 2 collect general facts about specialization and generalization in the real spectrum of a ring, about local rings, their completions, and \(p\)-adic valuations and proves some topological results. Given subsets \(X, Y\) of \( \text{Sper}(A),\) denote by \(\text{Gen}(Y)=\{\beta \in \text{Sper}(A): Y\cap \overline{\{\beta\}}\neq \emptyset \}\) the set of generalizations of a set \(Y\) and by \(\text{Gen}_X(Y):= X\cap \text{Gen}(Y)\) the set of generalizations of \(Y\) in \(X\). If \(X\) is constructible and \(\mathfrak{p}\) a real prime ideal, let \(X(\mathfrak{p})=\{\alpha\in X: \text{supp}(\alpha)=\mathfrak{p}\}.\) For \(A\) excellent local so that \(\widehat{A}\) is an integral domain, \(X\subset \text{Sper}(A)\) constructible, \(\xi\in \text{Sper}(A)\) with \(\text{supp}(\xi)=\mathfrak{m}\) it is shown that there holds \(\widehat{X}\cap \text{Gen}_{\hat{A}}(\xi)\subset \overline{\widehat{X}(0)}\) (closure in \(\text{Sper}(\widehat{A})\)) iff the analogous inclusion for the unhatted objects holds. The proof uses results from \textit{C. Andradas, L. Bröcker} and \textit{J. M. Ruiz} [Constructible sets in real geometry. Berlin: Springer (1996; Zbl 0873.14044)]. Topological properties of certain constructible sets in the real spectrum of a power series ring are shown equivalent to topological properties of semi-algebraic sets. For example if \(R\) is a real closed field, \(K\subset R^n\) semialgebraic, \(p\in R^n\) and \(G=\text{Gen}_{R[\mathtt{x}]}(p)\cap \widetilde{K}\) a proconstructible subset of \(\text{Sper} R[\mathtt{x}],\) then every point in \(G\) has a generalization in \(\widetilde{K}\) with support \((0)\) if and only if \(\overline{\text{int}(K)}\) contains a neighbourhood of \(p\) in \(K\). Furthermore the connected components of \(G-\{p\}\) are in bijection with the semialgebraically connected components of the link of \(K\) with respect to \(p\). Here \(\widetilde{K}\) denotes the constructible set in the real spectrum of \(R[\mathtt{x}]\) associated with \(K\), see section 7.2 of the book of \textit{J. Bochnak, M. Coste} and \textit{M.-F. Roy} [Real algebraic geometry. Transl. from the French. Rev. and updated ed. Berlin: Springer (1998; Zbl 0912.14023)]. Sections 3 and 4, `from \(\widehat{T}\) to \(T\)', contain the main results of the paper. Using results and notions of \textit{M. A. Marshall} [``Spaces of orderings and abstract real spectra'', Lecture Notes in Mathematics. 1636. Berlin: Springer (1996; Zbl 0866.12001)], the following is shown when \(A\) is an excellent local UFD of dimension 2 and \(T=PO(h_1,\dots,h_r)\) a finitely generated preordering in \(A\). Let \(X= {\mathcal X}(T)\). Assume the space of orderings \(X(\mathfrak{m})\) has stability index \(\leq 1\) and \(X=\overline{X(0)}\), and that for every \(\xi \in X(\mathfrak{m})\) the space \(\text{Gen}_X(\xi)-\{\xi\}\) is connected. Then \(T\) saturated implies that every boundary prime (certain prime elements of \(A\)) of \(X\) is up to a unit factor equal to one of the \(h_i\). If \(\widehat{T}\) is 0-saturated then the converse holds as well. The somewhat restrictive connectedness condition in this result is complemented by the following result: let \(A\) be an excellent regular local domain of dimension 2 and \(T\) and \(X\) as before. Again assume that \(X=\overline{X(0)}\) and furthermore the following. If \(p\) is a boundary prime of \(X\) in \(A\), then every prime \(\rho\) in \(\widehat{A}\) dividing \(p\) is a supporting prime of \(\widehat{X}\). Then if \(\widehat{T}\) is saturated, so is \(T\). The long proof requires systematically working with quadratic pseudomodules (quadratic `modules' without unit). Section 5 gives plenty of examples showing e.g. that neither of the two main theorems above covers the other; that various of the conditions in the theorems and corollaries cannot be dropped; and that even though certain situations are not covered by the main theorems, the techniques of proof still can sometimes be successfully applied to establish saturation. Section 6 considers principal preorderings \(T=PO(h)\) in a 2-dimensional excellent regular local ring \(A\) with real closed residue field \(A/\mathfrak{m}\). Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for polynomials \(h\in A\) with multiplicities \(2,3\) in order that \(T\) is saturated. This result uses complete lists of representatives for right equivalence classes of elements \(f\in R[[x,y]]\) with these multiplicities. These are given in \textit{V. I. Arnold, S. M. Gusejn-Zade} and \textit{A. N. Varchenko} [Singularities of differentiable maps. Volume I: The classification of critical points, caustics and wave fronts. Transl. from the Russian by Ian Porteous, ed. by V. I. Arnol'd. Boston-Basel-Stuttgart: Birkhäuser (1985; Zbl 0554.58001)]. (The `min' in definition 4.16 of multiplicity should probably be a `max'.) The reviewer's impression is that the papers I, II cover their topic very thoroughly.