On bounded solutions of nonlinear first- and second-order equations with a Carathéodory function (Q996925)

The author studies the existence and uniqueness of bounded solutions of the differential equations \[ x'-Ax=f(t, x) \quad\text{and}\quad x''-Ax=f(t,x), \] where \(A\in L(\mathbb R^m)\) is a self-adjoint operator, \(f:\mathbb R\times \mathbb R^m\to \mathbb R^m\) is a Carathéodory function. Assume that the homogeneous equations \[ x'-Ax=0 \quad\text{and}\quad x''-Ax=0 \] have nontrivial solutions bounded on \(R\). By considering a perturbation of the given equations: \[ x'-Ax+\lambda Px=f(t, x), \qquad x''-Ax+\lambda Px=f(t,x) \] and using the Leray-Schauder topological degree and fixed point theory, the author proves the existence and uniqueness of a bounded solution on \(\mathbb R\).