Pullback attractors and extremal complete trajectories for non-autonomous reaction-diffusion problems (Q996961)

In this paper, the authors study the dynamics of the following non-autonomous nonlinear reaction-diffusion equation: \[ \begin{aligned} u_{t}-\Delta u &= f(t,x,u) \quad \text{in }\Omega,\;t>s,\\ u&=0 \quad \text{on }\partial\Omega,\\ u(s)&=u_{s}\end{aligned}\tag{1} \] where \(\Omega\) is a bounded domain in \(\mathbb R^{N}\) and \(f(t,x,u):\mathbb R\times \Omega\times \mathbb R\rightarrow \mathbb R\) is a suitable smooth function. Let \(X=C(\overline {\Omega}).\) The solution of this equation is denoted by \(u(t,s,u_{s}).\) They show that if \(f\) has a decomposition of the form \(f(t,x,u)u\leq C(t,x)u^{2}+D(t,x)| u| \) with some suitable conditions on \(C\) and \(D,\) and if the evolution operator associated with \(\Delta+C(t,x)\) is exponentially stable, then the solutions to \((1)\) are global, and an evolution operator \(U(t,s)\) can be defined by the solutions to \((1),\) for all \(t\geq s.\) Moreover there exist two extremal trajectories \(\varphi_{m}\) and \(\varphi_{M},\) in the sense that any other complete trajectory \(\psi\) satisfies \(\varphi _{m}(t,x)\leq \psi (t,x)\leq \varphi _{M}(t,x),\forall t\in \mathbb R.\) Also \(\varphi _{m}\) and \(\varphi _{M}\) are \(T\)-periodic, if \(f(t,x,u)\) is \(T\)-periodic. Moreover, \(\varphi _{M}(t)\) is globally asymptotically stable from above in the pullback sense, and \(\varphi _{m}(t)\) is globally asymptotically stable from below. They also present some applications of their results to the non-autonomous logistic equation. These results extend to the non-autonomous case, previous results proved by [\textit{A. Rodriguez-Bernal, A. Vidal-López}, Nonlinear elliptic and parabolic problems. A special tribute to the work of Herbert Amann, Zürich, Switzerland, June 28--30, 2004. Basel: Birkhäuser. Prog. Nonlinear Differ. Equa. Appl. 64, 509--516 (2005; Zbl 1100.35055)] for autonomous parabolic problems.