Jacobi fields and linear connections for arbitrary second-order ODEs.
Geometric methods in ordinary differential equations (34A26) Dynamics induced by flows and semiflows (37C10) Geodesics in global differential geometry (53C22) Differential geometric methods (tensors, connections, symplectic, Poisson, contact, Riemannian, nonholonomic, etc.) for problems in mechanics (70G45)
The authors generalize Jacobi fields and Raychaudhuri's equation from the case of the equation of geodesics to the case of a second-order ordinary equation of the form \(\ddot x^a= f^a(t,x, \dot x)\) on a manifold \(M\). The results are obtained in intrinsic way within the framework of differential geometry. The above second order equation can be interpreted as a vector field on the evolution space \(E=\mathbb{R}\times TM\). This vector field also yields a linear connection on \(E\) and a \((1,1)\)-tensor field on \(E\), called the \textit{shape map}. The authors define the Raychaudhuri and Jacobi equations in terms of the previous objects.
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