Jordan Structures of Totally Nonnegative Matrices

Paths and cycles (05C38) Graphs and linear algebra (matrices, eigenvalues, etc.) (05C50) Canonical forms, reductions, classification (15A21) Positive matrices and their generalizations; cones of matrices (15B48)

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A real \(n\times n\) matrix \(A\) is called totally nonnegative (TN) if every minor of \(A\) is nonnegative. If there is no permutation matrix \(P\) such that \[ PAP^{T}=\left[ \begin{matrix} B & C\\ 0 & D \end{matrix} \right] \] for some square blocks \(B\) and \(D\), then \(A\) is called irreducible. Suppose that \(A\) is an irreducible TN matrix with \(p\) nonzero eigenvalues and that in its Jordan canonical form \(A\) has \(m_{i}\) Jordan blocks of size \(i\) corresponding to the eigenvalue \(0\) (\(i=1,2,\dots\)). Then the authors prove: (1) \(p\geq1\) and all nonzero eigenvalues are real, positive and have multiplicity \(1\); and (2) the integers \(m_{i}\) satisfy \(\sum im_{i}=n-p\), \(m_{i}=0\) for all \(i>p\), and \(\sum m_{i}\geq(n-p)/p\). Conversely, given any distinct positive real numbers \(\lambda_{1},\dots,\lambda_{p}\) and nonnegative integers \(m_{i}\) satisfying (2), there is an \(n\times n\) irreducible TN matrix with nonzero eigenvalues \(\lambda_{1},\dots,\lambda_{p}\) and with \(m_{i}\) Jordan blocks of size \(i\) for the eigenvalue \(0\) for each \(i\). Proofs use combinatorial arguments on planar diagrams.

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