Lacunary tangential approximation
The aim of this paper is to give lacunary versions with upper density equal to one of Arakelian's approximation theorem for special geometries of the domain and the closed set. Let \(\Lambda\) be an increasing sequence of nonnegative integers with upper density \[ \overline{d} (\Lambda ):= \limsup_{r \to \infty}\frac{ \#\{ n \in \Lambda : \;n \leq r \} }{r} =1. \] Let \(\Omega\) be a simply connected domain in \(\mathbb{C} \) with \(0 \in \Omega\), and let \(F:= \bigcup_{n=0}^\infty F_n\) be a closed set in \(\Omega\), where the \(F_n\) are pairwise disjoint compact subsets of \(\Omega\), have connected complement, and \(0\) is an interior point of \(F_0\). The main result is the following: If the sequence \(\{ F_n\}\) ``escapes to \(\infty\) and satisfies a non-trivial additional restriction on its geometry, then for every function \(f: F \to \mathbb{C} \) continuous on \(F\) and holomorphic in the interior of \(F\) with \(f|_{F_{0}} \in P_{\Lambda} (F_0)\), and for every sequence \(\{ \varepsilon_n \}\) of positive real numbers, there exists a function \(g : \Omega \to \mathbb{C} \) holomorphic in \(\Omega \) with \(g^{(n)} (0) =0\) (\(n \not\in \Lambda \)) with \[ |f(z)-g(z) | < \varepsilon_n \qquad (z \in F_n, \;n \geq 0). \] (Here \(P_{\Lambda} (F_0)\) denotes the closure of the linear span of the monomials \(z^n\) (\(n \in \Lambda\)) with respect to the sup-norm.) Let \(\Omega\) be now a Jordan domain which is starlike with respect to the origin. By use of the approximation lacunary theorems, the authors are able to construct a holomorphic \(\Lambda\)-lacunary function \(\varphi\) in \(\Omega\) such that for every curve \(\gamma \subset \Omega\) tending to the boundary \(\partial \Omega\), but not to ``all of \(\partial \Omega\), the set \(\varphi (\gamma)\) is dense in \(\mathbb{C}\). In particular, the condition \(\overline{d}(\Lambda) =1\) turns out to be the best possible for this result.
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