Large scale behavior of kernels of Schrodinger operators
The authors prove several theorems on the large scale behaviour of Green functions and solutions for the Laplacian and Schrödinger operators on manifolds with nonnegative Ricci curvature and Euclidean volume growth. Euclidean volume growth here means that \(\text{Vol}(B_r(p))/V_0^n(r)\) is bounded from below, where \(V_0^n(r)\) denotes the volume of \(B_r(0)\) in \(\mathbb{R}^n\) for \(n=\dim M\). Let \(M\) be of nonnegative Ricci curvature and volume growth. It is proved that for the minimal positive Green function \(G_M(x,y)\) of the Laplacian on \(M\), the limit of \(G_M(x,y)/G_{\mathbb{R}^n}(x,y)\) for \(d(x,y)\to\infty\) exists and is given by the volume growth of balls in \(M\) (Theorem 0.1). Furthermore, if \(u\) is a positive harmonic function on \(M\setminus B_{r_0}(p)\), then \(u=C_1+C_2G(p,{\cdot})+v\), where \(v(x)/d(x,p)^\alpha\to 0\) for some \(\alpha>n-2\) and \(d(p,x)\to\infty\), i.e., \(v\) decays faster at infinity than the Green function (Theorem 0.3). By Bers' theorem, any solution to a linear elliptic equation on \(\mathbb{R}^n\) that rescales to the Laplacian at the origin has an expansion around the origin in terms of spherical harmonics. A straightforward translation of this theorem to \(M\) at infinity fails, since even for \(M\) of nonnegative Ricci curvature and Euclidean volume growth, there need not exist a unique tangent cone at infinity. The authors define the notion of almost separation of variables, and prove the following version of Bers' theorem at infinity, which does not rely on the existence of a tangent cone: if \(V\) is a Lipschitz potential which decays sufficiently fast at infinity and \(u\) is a solution of the Schrödinger equation \(\Delta+V=0\), then \(u\) almost separates variables on a sequence of large annuli (Theorem 0.6).
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