Lineability and spaceability: a new approach

DOI10.1007/S00574-019-00142-3MaRDI QIDQ2174205zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors D. Tomaz, V. V. Fávaro, Daniel Pellegrino

Publication date 21 April 2020

Published in Bulletin of the Brazilian Mathematical Society. New Series (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.02132

Vector spaces, linear dependence, rank, lineability (15A03) Not locally convex spaces (metrizable topological linear spaces, locally bounded spaces, quasi-Banach spaces, etc.) (46A16) Sequence spaces (including Köthe sequence spaces) (46A45)

Abstract: The area of research called extquotedblleft Lineability extquotedblright% looks for linear structures inside exotic subsets of vector spaces. In the last decade lineability/spaceability has been investigated in rather general settings; for instance, Set Theory, Probability Theory, Functional Analysis, Measure Theory, etc. It is a common feeling that positive results on lineability/spaceability are quite natural (i.e., in general extquotedblleft large extquotedblright subspaces can be found inside exotic subsets of vector spaces, in quite different settings) and more restrictive approaches have been persecuted. In this paper we introduce and explore a new approach in this direction.

Review text

Let \(E\) be a vector space and \(\alpha\) a cardinal number. A subset \(A\) of \(E\) is called \(\alpha\)-lineable if \(A\cup \{0\}\) contains an \(\alpha\)-dimensional linear subspace of \(E\). When \(E\) is a topological vector space, then \(A\) is called \(\alpha\)-spaceable if \(A\cup \{0\}\) contains a closed \(\alpha\)-dimensional subspace of \(E\). Let now the considered vector spaces be over the field of all real or complex numbers. Let \(\mathrm{card}(X)\) denote the cardinality of a set \(X\), let \(\mathfrak{c}=\mathrm{card}(\mathbb{R})\), and \(\aleph _{0}=\mathrm{card}(\mathbb{N})\). The authors first introduce the following concepts that are more restrictive than lineability and spaceability. Let \(\alpha \), \(\beta \), \(\gamma \) be cardinal numbers, where \(\alpha <\beta \leq \gamma \), and let \(V\) be a vector space with \(\dim V=\gamma \). A set \(A\subset V\) is: (i) \((\alpha ,\beta )\)-lineable if it is \(\alpha\)-lineable, and for every subspace \(W_{\alpha }\subset V\) with \(W_{\alpha }\subset A\cup \{0\}\) and \(\dim W_{\alpha }=\alpha \), there is a subspace \(W_{\beta }\subset V\) with \(\dim W_{\beta }=\beta \) and \(W_{\alpha }\subset W_{\beta }\subset A\cup \{0\}\). (ii) \((\alpha ,\beta )\)-spaceable if it is \(\alpha \)-lineable, and for every subspace \(W_{\alpha }\subset V\) with \(W_{\alpha }\subset A\cup \{0\}\) and \(\dim W_{\alpha }=\alpha \), there is a closed subspace \(W_{\beta }\subset V\) with \(\dim W_{\beta }=\beta \) and \(W_{\alpha }\subset W_{\beta }\subset A\cup \{0\}\). For cardinal numbers \(\alpha_{1}\), \(\alpha_{2}\) where \(\alpha _{1}<\alpha_{2}\), authors next present two examples to show that in general \((\alpha_{1},\beta)\)-lineability does not imply \((\alpha_{2},\beta)\)-lineability and vice versa. As usual, let \(\ell _{p}\), \(p>0\), denote the Banach space of sequences \(\left( x_{j}\right) _{j=1}^{\infty }\) such that \(\left\Vert \left( x_{j}\right)_{j=1}^{\infty }\right\Vert _{p}=\left( \sum_{j=1}^{\infty }\left\vert x_{j}\right\vert ^{p}\right) ^{1/p}<\infty \). The authors develop a technique to characterize the \((\alpha ,\mathfrak{c})\)-spaceability of \(\ell_{p}\backslash \bigcup _{0<q<p}\ell _{q}\) for all \(\alpha <\mathfrak{c}\). They prove that for all \(p>0\) the set \(\ell _{p}\backslash \bigcup _{0<q<p}\ell _{q}\) is \((\alpha ,\mathfrak{c})\)-spaceable in \(\ell _{p}\) if and only if \(\alpha < \aleph _{0}\). The authors conclude the paper by presenting two examples of sets where they prove \((1,\mathfrak{c})\)-lineability and \((1,\mathfrak{c})\)-spaceability, respectively, and propose the general case (where \(\alpha\) does not necessarily equal \(1\)) as open problems.

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