Linear and nonlinear parabolic forward-backward problems
Burgers-type equationsPrandtl systemstationary Kolmogorov equationVlasov-Poisson-Fokker-Planck system
Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) pertaining to partial differential equations (35-02) Degenerate parabolic equations (35K65) Boundary value problems for PDEs of mixed type (35M12) Free boundary problems for PDEs (35R35) Boundary-layer theory, separation and reattachment, higher-order effects (76D10)
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the well-posedness of boundary value problems for several linear and nonlinear equations with a parabolic forward-backward structure. The first example is a linear stationary Kolmogorov equation \(yu_x-u_{yy} = f\) (\((x,y)\in (x_0,x_1)\times (-1,1)\)) which is furnished with the following boundary conditions: \(u|_{\Sigma_i}=\varphi_i\) (\(i=0,1\)), \(u|_{y=-1,1}=0\), \(\Sigma_0=x_0\times (0,1)\), \(\Sigma_1=x_1\times (-1,0)\). It is proven that there exists a unique generalized solution to this boundary value problem, i.~e., \(u\in L_2(x_0,x_1;\mathrm{W}{\circ}_2^1(-1,1))\), \(yu_x\in L_2(x_0,x_1;W_2^{-1}(-1,1))\). The existence of a regular solution from the class \(u\in Q^1=W_2^1(x_0,x_1;W_2^2(-1,1))\cap W_2^{5/3}(x_0,x_1;L_2(-1,1))\) is also proven under two suitable orthogonality and smoothness conditions on the right-hand side and the functions \(\varphi_i\). The singular part of a generalized solution is separated. In the nonlinear case of the Burgers equation \(u u_x-u_{yy} = f\) with the data \(u|_{\Sigma_i}=\varphi_i+y\) (\(i=0,1\)), \(u|_{y=\pm 1}=\pm 1\), it is proven that a solution from the class \(Q^1\) exists whenever the data \((f,\varphi_1,\varphi_2)\) belong to some manifold of codimension 2. This solution is unique in a small neighborhood of the function \(u=y\). \N\NThe next model is taken from the kinetic theory. It has the form \( yu_x + E[u]u_x - u_{yy} = f\), where \(E[u]\) is an electric force deriving from a potential \(V[u]\) satisfying the Poisson equation: \(E = V_x\), with \(V_{xx}=\int_{-1,1} u(x,y)\,dy\), \(V_x|_{x=x_0}=0\), \(x \in (x_0,x_1)\). The boundary conditions are the same, i.~e., \(u|_{\Sigma_i}=\varphi_i\) (\(i=0,1\)), \(u|_{y=-1,1}=0\). The results in this case are similar to those for the Burgers equation. The uniqueness holds in some small neighborhood about 0. \N\NThe further investigation is devoted to the Prandtl system. The reference flow \((u_P, v_P) \in C^k([x_0, x_1] \times (0,+\infty))\) for some sufficiently large \(k\) (say \(k = 4\)) satisfies the Prandtl system \N\[\Nu_P u_{Px} + v_Pv_{Py} - v_{Pyy} = -p_x,\ u_{Px} + v_{Py} = 0\N\]\Nin the whole domain \((x_0, x_1)\times (0,+\infty)\), where \(p\) is the trace of the pressure of some outer Euler flow on the boundary \(y = 0\). It is assumed that there exists a curve \(\Gamma :\ y = \gamma_P(x)\), with \(\gamma_P\) smooth and such that \(\inf_{[x_0,x_1]} \gamma_P > 0\), \(u_P\) changes sign on the curve \(\Gamma\), i.~e., \(u_P(x, \gamma_P(x)) = 0\), \(u_p(x, y) < 0\) (resp. \(u_P(x, y) > 0\)) for \(y < \gamma_P(x)\) (resp. \(y > \gamma_P(x)\)). Moreover, we can take \(z_1<0<z_2\), and assume that there are curves \(\Gamma_1:\ y=\gamma_1(x)\), \(\Gamma_2:\ y=\gamma_2(x)\) such that \(u_P(x,\gamma_j(x))=z_j\) and \(\gamma_1(x)<\gamma_P(x)<\gamma_2(x)\). Let \(\Omega_P=\{(x,y):\ x\in (x_0,x_1), \gamma_1(x)<y<\gamma_2(x)\}\). The aim is to construct a solution \((u,v)\) to the Prandtl system close to the solution \((u_P,v_P)\) The system is endowed with the following boundary conditions: \N\[ \Nu|_{\Gamma_i} =u_P|_{\Gamma_i}=z_i, \ u_y|_{\Gamma_i} =u_{Py}|_{\Gamma_i}+\delta_i,\ v|_{\Gamma_1} =v_P|_{\Gamma_1}+ v_1, \tag{1}\N\]\Nwhere \(\delta_i, v_1\) are small perturbations; \N\[\Nu|_{\Sigma_i}= u_P|_{\Sigma_i} + \beta_i,\ i \in {1, 2}, \tag{2}\N\]\Nwhere \(\Sigma_1= \{x_0\} \times (\gamma_1(x_0), \gamma_2(x_0))\), \(\Sigma_2= \{x_1\} \times (\gamma_1(x_1), \gamma_2(x_1))\) In particular \(u_P > 0\) on \(\Sigma_1\) and \(u_P < 0\) on \(\Sigma_2\). Let \N\[\N\beta_1(\gamma_P(x_0)) =\beta_2(\gamma_P(x_1))= \beta_1(\gamma_2(x_0)) =\beta_2(\gamma_1(x_1)) = 0. \N\]\NThe functions \( \delta_1,\delta_2, v_1,\beta_1,\beta_2\) are assumed to be small in some sufficiently strong Sobolev norm. In this case it is proven that there exists a regular solution \((u,v)\) to the Prandtl system in \(\Omega_P\) satisfying (1), (2) with the data \((\delta_1,\delta_2, v_1,\beta_1,\beta_2)\) belonging to some manifold of codimension 1 (or codimension 3, if we look for a smoother solution).
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