Local reflections of choice
For sets \(X\), \(Y\), \(\vert X\vert \leq \vert Y\vert \) means that there is an injection \(X \rightarrow Y\), and for \(X \neq \emptyset\), \(\vert X\vert \leq^* \vert Y\vert \) means that there is a surjection \(Y \rightarrow X\).\par \textit{A. Blass} [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 255, 31--59 (1979; Zbl 0426.03053)] introduced the small violation of choice, \(SVC\): For a set \(S\) (known as the \textit{seed}), \(SVC(S)\) is the statement ``for all \(X\) there is an ordinal \(\eta\) such that \(\vert X\vert \leq^* \vert S \times \eta\vert \) and \(SVC\) is the statement \((\exists S)SVC(S)\).\par Here the author shows that the failure of many choice principles reflect to local properties of \(S\). \(AC_X\) is the statement ``if \(Y\neq \emptyset\), \(\emptyset \notin Y\) and \(\vert Y\vert \leq \vert X\vert \) then \(\prod Y \neq \emptyset\). He shows the reflection of \(DC\) (dependent choice), \(AC_{\lambda}\) and \(PP\) where the partitiion property \(PP\) is the statement ``for all \(X\) and \(Y\), \(\vert X\vert \leq \vert Y\vert \) iff \(\vert X\vert \leq^*\vert Y\vert \). He shows that \(SVC(S)\) implies that the Lindenbaum number of \(S\), \(\aleph^*(S)\), is unequal \(\aleph_0\) and this implies that \(S\) can be partitioned into \(\omega\) many subsets.
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