Localized qubits in curved spacetimes

DOI10.1016/J.AOP.2011.10.009MaRDI QIDQ413155zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Matthew C. Palmer, Maki Takahashi, Hans F. Westman

Publication date 4 May 2012

Published in Annals of Physics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1108.3896

zbMATH Keywords

curved spacetimesgravitationally induced phasesrelativistic quantum informationrelativistic spin operators

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Quantum information, communication, networks (quantum-theoretic aspects) (81P45) Quantum mechanics on special spaces: manifolds, fractals, graphs, lattices (81Q35) Gravitational interaction in quantum theory (81V17) Special relativity (83A05)

Abstract: We provide a systematic and self-contained exposition of the subject of localized qubits in curved spacetimes. This research was motivated by a simple experimental question: if we move a spatially localized qubit, initially in a state |psi_1>, along some spacetime path Gamma from a spacetime point x_1 to another point x_2, what will the final quantum state |psi_2> be at point x_2? This paper addresses this question for two physical realizations of the qubit: spin of a massive fermion and polarization of a photon. Our starting point is the Dirac and Maxwell equations that describe respectively the one-particle states of localized massive fermions and photons. In the WKB limit we show how one can isolate a two-dimensional quantum state which evolves unitarily along Gamma. The quantum states for these two realizations are represented by a left-handed 2-spinor in the case of massive fermions and a four-component complex polarization vector in the case of photons. In addition we show how to obtain from this WKB approach a fully general relativistic description of gravitationally induced phases. We use this formalism to describe the gravitational shift in the COW 1975 experiment. In the non-relativistic weak field limit our result reduces to the standard formula in the original paper. We provide a concrete physical model for a Stern-Gerlach measurement of spin and obtain a unique spin operator which can be determined given the orientation and velocity of the Stern-Gerlach device and velocity of the massive fermion. Finally, we consider multipartite states and generalize the formalism to incorporate basic elements from quantum information theory such as quantum entanglement, quantum teleportation, and identical particles. The resulting formalism provides a basis for exploring precision quantum measurements of the gravitational field using techniques from quantum information theory.

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Cited in

(14)

• An operational approach to spacetime symmetries: Lorentz transformations from quantum communication
• Entanglement, space-time and the Mayer-Vietoris theorem
• Quantum geometric information flows and relativistic generalizations of G. Perelman thermodynamics for nonholonomic Einstein systems with black holes and stationary solitonic hierarchies
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• Local spacetime curvature effects on quantum orbital angular momentum
• Detection of gravitational frame dragging using orbiting qubits
• Global and local horizon quantum mechanics

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