Many-valued logics. 1: Theoretical foundations

Publication date 10 June 1993

approximation logics first-order predicate calculus fuzzy propositional calculi generalized tableaux method intuitionistic propositional calculus many-valued logics many-valued propositional calculi probability logics

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) pertaining to mathematical logic and foundations (03-02) Probability and inductive logic (03B48) Many-valued logic (03B50) Fuzzy logic; logic of vagueness (03B52) Other nonclassical logic (03B60)

Review text

Computer scientists, computer engineers, applied mathematicians and physicists are familiar with options in which there are no middle choices between true and false. The lack of such choices is inconvenient and even critical when trying to determine whether or not the status of a computer system is go, wait or no-go. Statisticians use the soft logic of probability and physicists rely on the fuzzy logic of uncertainty. ``Many-valued logic is concerned with these intermediate choices. In fact there is no such theory called ``Many-valued logic, but there exist many ``Many-valued logics. As the authors say, ``topics from the area of many-valued logics have been dealt with in so many papers and articles that it would be unrealistic to attempt to write a complete monograph covering all of the most important results in this subject. Therefore, what is presented in this volume is only a certain selection of the existing theories. Some classes of many-valued logics are discussed in more detail, others are treated with less concern; some are just mentioned and others are not mentioned at all. From the preface we learn that the way the subject material has been chosen has its origin in the intended continuation of the work, a second volume, where the authors plan to develop methods of automated reasoning using many-valued logics, as well as examples of their application in practice. This volume starts with a general introduction on algebraic structures. Chapter 2 deals with the basic many-valued propositional calculi of Łukasiewicz and Post. Chapter 3 contains a survey of thirteen more three-valued propositional calculi. Słupecki's \(n\)-valued propositional calculus and three more many-valued propositional calculi are treated in the next chapter. The intuitionistic propositional calculus gets a special treatment in chapter 5. Chapter 6 considers the first-order predicate calculus of Post. Carnielli's generalized tableaux method is treated in chapter 7. The presentation of the fuzzy propositional calculi in chapter 8 is the most extensive and is entirely based on Pavelka's work. Chapter 9 deals with approximation logics, related to the work by Z. Pawlak, H. Rasiowa and A. Skowron. This monograph concludes with a chapter on probability logics, based on the work of Łukasiewicz, D. Scott-P. Krauss, E. Adams. This comprehensive and coherent treatment of many-valued logics offers a general introduction to a wide cross-section of the principal problems and results of the field. It can be used by those computer engineers, computer scientists, applied mathematicians and physicists who are seeking for the foundation of a nonclassical way of reasoning and are not expert in the area of many-valued logic.

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