Markov type and threshold embeddings

DOI10.1007/S00039-013-0234-7MaRDI QIDQ359547zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Jian Ding, James R. Lee, Yuval Peres

Publication date 12 August 2013

Published in Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.6088

Banach space doubling metric space excluded minor Hilbert space Kwapien theorem Markov type planar graph

Geometric embeddings of metric spaces (30L05) Embeddings of discrete metric spaces into Banach spaces; applications in topology and computer science (46B85)

Abstract: For two metric spaces X and Y, say that X {threshold-embeds} into Y if there exist a number K > 0 and a family of Lipschitz maps

such that for every

x, y i n X

, [ d_X(x,y) geq au => d_Y(f_{ au}(x),f_{ au}(y)) geq |varphi_{ au}|_{Lip} au/K ] where

| f_{a u} |_{L i p}

denotes the Lipschitz constant of

f_{a u}

. We show that if a metric space X threshold-embeds into a Hilbert space, then X has Markov type 2. As a consequence, planar graph metrics and doubling metrics have Markov type 2, answering questions of Naor, Peres, Schramm, and Sheffield. More generally, if a metric space X threshold-embeds into a p-uniformly smooth Banach space, then X has Markov type p. This suggests some non-linear analogs of Kwapien's theorem. For instance, a subset

X s u b s e t e q L_{1}

threshold-embeds into Hilbert space if and only if X has Markov type 2.

Review text

The Markov type was introduced by \textit{K. Ball} [Geom. Funct. Anal. 2, No. 2, 137--172 (1992; Zbl 0788.46050)] as a metrical version of the notion of Rademacher type for Banach spaces, with the intention to use it for Lipschitz extension problems. In the same paper, Ball proved several results showing the applicability of this concept, and especially the notion of Markov type \(2\). However, for a long time, the only known examples of spaces with Markov type \(2\) were metric spaces admitting bilipschitz embeddings into a Hilbert space. The breakthrough in this direction was achieved in the paper by \textit{A. Naor} et al. [Duke Math. J. 134, No. 1, 165--197 (2006; Zbl 1108.46012)] where it was shown (among other results) that trees and the spaces \(L_p\) \((2\leq p<\infty)\) have Markov type \(2\). The present paper is a further significant contribution to this direction. It is shown that weighted planar graphs, doubling metric spaces (answering questions asked in [Naor et al., loc. cit.]), and spaces with finite Assouad-Nagata dimension have Markov type \(2\). The proof uses the following notion: A metric space \(X\) is said to threshold-embed into a metric space \(Y\) if there is a constant \(0<K<\infty\) and a family of maps \(\varphi_\tau:X\to Y\) for all \(\tau>0\) such that, for every \(x,y\in X\), the inequality \(d_X(x,y)\geq \tau\) implies \(d_Y(\varphi_\tau(x),\varphi_\tau(y))\geq\tau\text{Lip}(\varphi_\tau)/K\). The authors prove (Theorem 1.3) that metric spaces which threshold-embed into a Hilbert space have Markov type \(2\). After that, they apply the known facts that the mentioned classes of spaces threshold-embed into a Hilbert space. The authors also prove the following \(p\)-analogue of Theorem 1.3: Metric spaces which threshold-embeds into a \(p\)-uniformly smooth Banach space have Markov type \(p\) \((1<p\leq 2)\). The paper concludes with some interesting results which may be regarded as nonlinear analogues of \textit{S. Kwapien}'s theorem [Stud. Math. 44, 583--595 (1972; Zbl 0256.46024)] on Banach spaces having Radema\-cher type \(2\) and Radema\-cher cotype \(2\) (it is known, and is explained on p.\,1210, that the most natural nonlinear analogues of Kwapien's theorem fail to be true). Reviewer's remark: The references to [MN06] at the top of p.\,1212 should be replaced by references to [MN08].

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