Maximal line digraphs

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The paper studies maximal line digraphs and determines the maximum possible number of arcs in a line digraph of a given order. The authors establish sharp upper bounds for both even and odd orders and completely characterize the extremal line digraphs attaining these bounds. The proofs are rigorous and rely on a careful structural analysis of line digraphs and their root digraphs. The results are original, mathematically sound, and represent a valuable contribution to extremal graph theory.











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