Minimal characters of p-groups
Let \(G\) be a finite nonabelian \(p\)-group, \(\text{cd}(G)=\{1=d_0,d_1,\dots,d_r\}\) the set of character degrees with \(d_1<\cdots<d_r\). Set \(d=d_1=p^c\). Irreducible characters of degree \(d\) are said to be minimal. It is known that \(d^2\) divides \(|G:G'|\). If a minimal character \(\chi\) is linearly induced from \(H<G\), then \(G'\leq H\) and \(G\leq\ker(\chi)\) (Bannuscher, Isaacs-Passman). In this paper a number of important results about minimal characters of \(p\)-groups is proved. The invariant \(d\) is characterized by the following Theorem 1. \(d=\min\{|G:H|\mid H<G\), \(H'\neq G'\}\). The minimal characters are linearly induced only from subgroups of the previous sentence, and if \(H\) is such a subgroup of minimal index, then \(H\) has some linear characters which induce to minimal characters of \(G\). Given a minimal character \(\chi\), this character is linearly induced from \(H\) if and only if \(H'\leq\ker(\chi)\). Corollary 2. Let \(D(G)=\bigcap_{H<G, |G:H|=d, H'\neq G'}H'\). Then the factor group \(L=G/D(G)\) is metabelian and if \(d>p\), then \(\text{cl}(L)<p\) and \(\exp(L')=\exp(L/Z(L))=p\). Corollary 5. If a \(p\)-group \(G\) has a faithful minimal character, then \(|\text{cd}(G)|=2\) and either \(G\) contains a unique Abelian subgroup of maximal order or \(|G'|=p\). The following theorem contains an important information on \(t\). Theorem 7. One of the following holds: (0) \(t=p-1\), and \(G\) is extraspecial (1) \(k=\log_p|G:G'|=2c\) and \(t\equiv-1\pmod{p^2}\). (2) \(k=2c+1\) and \(t\equiv-p\pmod{p^2}\). (3) \(k\geq 2c+2\), and \(t\equiv 0\pmod{p^{k-2c}}\). Note, that the number \(t_i\) of irreducible characters of \(G\) of degree \(d_i\), \(i>0\), is \(\equiv 0\pmod {p-1}\). In particular, if \(t_i\) is odd, then \(p=2\). According to the above results, if \(G\) is neither Abelian nor extraspecial, we have \(t\equiv p^2-1\), \(p^2-p\) or \(0\pmod {(p-1)p^2}\). The first two cases are investigated in great detail. It is proved that the type of \(G\) is determined by its factor group \(G/K_3(G)\). Next, if \(G\) has exactly \(t_i\) irreducible characters of degree \(d_i\), then \(|G:G'|\) divides \(t_id_i^2\) (compare with known results for \(d_i=1\)). If the \(\text{Lin}(G)\)-orbit of an irreducible character \(\chi\) has size \(u\), then \(u\chi(1)^2=|G:G'|\) if and only if \(K_3(G)\leq\ker(\chi)\), where \(K_r(G)\) is the \(r\)-th member of the lower central series of \(G\). In the remark following Corollary 9, a new proof of the Blichfeldt theorem on monomiality of all irreducible characters of \(p\)-groups is given. If \(p=2\), then \(G\) is of type 1 if and only if either all elements of \(xG'\) (all \(x\in G-G')\) are conjugate or \(G\) is of maximal class. Theorem 18. The following conditions on a \(p\)-group \(G\) are equivalent: (a) \(G\) has exactly \(p^2\) irreducible characters of degree \(p\); (b) \(|G:K_4(G)|=p^4\) and \(C'=K_4(G)\), where \(C=C_G(G/K_4(G))\). (c) either \(G\) is of maximal class and order \(p^4\) or \(G/K_5(G)\) is of maximal class without Abelian subgroups of index \(p\). Corollary 19. Let \(G\) be as in Theorem 18. Then \(G/G\) is of maximal class and order \(\leq p^{p+2}\). Theorem 23. A \(p\)-group \(G\) has exactly \(p^2-1\) irreducible characters of degree \(p^2\), and none of degree \(p\), if and only if \(|G:K_3(G)|=p^6\) and \(T=G/K_4(G)\) satisfies the followinq property: for all \(x\in T-T'\), \(xT'\) is a conjugacy class. Theorem 25. In the \(p\)-group \(G\), write \(|G:G'|=p^k\), \(|G':K_3(G)|=p^m\) and \(K=G/K_3(G)\). Then (a) \(G\) is of type 2 (see Theorem 7) if and only if \(k\) is odd and the class number of \(K\) is \(p^k+p^{m+1}-p\). If \(G\) is of type 2, then \(k\geq m\) and (b) Either \(Z(K)=K'\) or \(|Z(K):K'|=p\). In each case \(\exp(K/Z(K))=p=\exp(K')\). If \(m=1\), then \(|Z(K):K'|=p\). (c) \(|Z(K):K'|=p\) holds if and only if \(K\) is in the first branch of an isoclinism family whose stem groups \(T\) satisfy the same property as in Theorem 23. It is proved in Lemma 3.35 of \textit{Ya. G. Berkovich} and \textit{E. M. Zhmud}, Characters of Finite Groups, Part 1, AMS (1998; Zbl 0934.20008) that if \(0<t<p^2-p\), then \(G\) is extraspecial (see also Theorem 7, above). In the following important theorem, the author does the next step. Theorem 27. A \(p\)-group \(G\) has exactly \(p^2-p\) irreducible characters of minimal degree if and only if one of the following holds: (a) \(|G'|=p\) and \(|Z(G)|=p^2\); (2) \(|G:G'|=p^3\), \(|G':K_3(G)|=p\), and if \(H\) is a maximal subgroup of \(G\) then \(H'=G'\) or \(H'=K_3(G)\). Theorem 33 + Lemma 31 + Lemma 30. (a) The \(p\)-group \(G\) contains a maximal subgroup \(M\) such that \(M'\neq G'\) if and only if \(G\) has irreducible characters of degree \(p\). (b) If \(M\) is such as in (a), then there exists another maximal subgroup \(L\) such that \(|G':M'L'|=p\). The paper contains a number of other interesting results. For example, the author proves the following Hall's Theorem announced in 1940: Let \(G\) and \(H\) be isoclinic groups, and let them have \(t_{iG}\) and \(t_{iH}\) irreducible characters of degree \(d_i\); then \(t_{iG}/t_{iH}=|G|/|H|\). In particular, \(\text{cd}(G)=\text{cd}(H)\). (Note, that a similar statement is true for the numbers of conjugacy classes.) There are a number of examples that show that many theorems of this paper are best possible.
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