Minimal even sets of nodes
Nodal surfaces \(S\subset\mathbb{P}_3 (\mathbb{C})\) have been studied since the last century. If \(S\) has very many nodes, then the position of the nodes is to a certain extent determined by surfaces which have contact to \(S\). Given a surface \(V\) which has contact to \(S\) \((S.V=2D\) for an effective Weil divisor \(D\) on \(S)\), then \(V\) gives rise to a reduced sum of exceptional curves \(\sum_{P\in \text{sing} (S)}(\text{mult}(D,P) \text{mod} 2)E_P\) on the smooth model \(\widetilde S\) of \(S\). This sum turns out to be divisible by 2 in the divisor class group of \(\widetilde S\). The corresponding set of nodes \(M\subseteq \text{sing}(S)\) is called an even set of nodes of \(M\). However, its cardinality \(| M|\) cannot be arbitrary, a complete list is known for \(\deg(S)\leq 5\). One problem is to determine the smallest nonzero value of \(| M|\). Recently \textit{G. Casnati} and \textit{F. Catanese} [J. Differ. Geom. 47, No. 2, 237-256 (1997; Zbl 0896.14017)] showed that every even set of nodes can be obtained by Barth's construction [\textit{W. Barth} in: Vector bundles and differential equations, Proc., Nice 1979, Prog. Math. 7, 1-19 (1980; Zbl 0442.14021)], i.e. \(S\) is the degeneracy locus of a quadratic form on a vector bundle on \(\mathbb{P}_3\). Let \(| M|\neq 0\). The examples compiled by \textit{W. Barth} [``Notes on even notes (manuscript 1997)] together with the theorem on page 12 of \textit{D. Gallarati}'s memoir [``Ricerche sul contratto di superficie algebriche lungo curve, Acad. Roy. Belgique, Cl. Sci., Mem. 32, No. 3 (1960; Zbl 0097.15203)] suggest that \(| M|\) takes its minimum if \(V\) is a plane and \(M\) weakly even, or \(V\) is a reduced quadric and \(M\) strictly even. Our result (theorem 1.10) is that this is true if \(\deg (S)\leq 8\). For \(\deg (S)=10\) we can only prove this if \(M\) is strictly even. Moreover, we find that \(| M|\) does not take certain values bigger than its minimum (corollary 1.11). This gives an explanation of the gaps in the list of \textit{W. Barth}'s manuscript (loc.cit.).
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