Modified zeta functions as kernels of integral operators

Abstract: The modified zeta functions

s u m_{n i n K} n^{- s}

, where

K s u b s e t N

, converge absolutely for

R e s > 1 / 2

. These generalise the Riemann zeta function which is known to have a meromorphic continuation to all of

C

with a single pole at

s = 1

. Our main result is a characterisation of the modified zeta functions that have pole-like behaviour at this point. This behaviour is defined by considering the modified zeta functions as kernels of certain integral operators on the spaces

L^{2} (I)

for symmetric and bounded intervals

I s u b s e t R

. We also consider the special case when the set

K s u b s e t N

is assumed to have arithmetic structure. In particular, we look at local

L^{p}

integrability properties of the modified zeta functions on the abscissa

R e s = 1

for

p i n [1, i n f t y]

.

Review text

Let \(K\) be a subset of \(\mathbb{N}\). In this paper, the author studies the \(K\)-zeta function \(\zeta_K(s):=\sum_{n\in K}n^{-s}\), which is a generalization of the Riemann zeta-function. The main purpose of the paper is to give an operator-theoretic characterization of the \(K\)-zeta function \(\zeta_K(s)\) which has pole-like behavior at \(s=1\). More precisely, for \(K\subset \mathbb{N}\) and a bounded and symmetric interval \(I\subset \mathbb{R}\), define the operator \[ \mathcal{Z}_{K,I}:g\in L^2(I)\longmapsto \lim_{\delta\to 0}\frac{\chi_I(t)}{\pi}\int_Ig(\tau)\mathrm{Re}\,\zeta_K\bigl(1+\delta+i(t-\tau)\bigr)\,d\tau\in L^2(I), \] where \(\chi_I(t)\) is the characteristic function of \(I\). Then, it is shown that there exists a subset \(L\subset \mathbb{R}\) and a compact operator \(\Phi_{K,I}\) such that \(\mathcal{Z}_{K,I}=\chi_I\mathcal{F}^{-1}\chi_L\mathcal{F}+\Phi_{K,I}\), where \(\mathcal{F}\) is the Fourier transform. Moreover, the author gives some equivalent conditions of \(K\) for which \(\mathcal{Z}_{K,I}\) is bounded below or is a compact perturbation of a scalar multiple of the identity operator. These are closely related to the limit behavior of the counting function \(\pi_K(x)\) of \(K\). Finally, the author studies \(\mathcal{Z}_{K,I}\) precisely in the case where \(K\) has arithmetic structure, that is, \(K\) consists exactly of the integers whose prime number decomposition contain only factors belonging to some specified subset \(Q\) of the set of the prime numbers, in other word, \(\zeta_K(s)\) admits an Euler product. In particular, it is shown that a prime number theorem for \(Q\) neither implies nor is implied by the lower boundedness of \(\mathcal{Z}_{K,I}\).

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