Monotonicity formulas for capillary surfaces
The Willmore energy of an immersed surface \(F\colon\Sigma\to \mathbb{R}^3\) is defined by\N\[\N\mathcal{W}(F)=\int_\Sigma |H|^2 \,\mathrm{d}\mu,\N\]\Nwhere \(H\) is the mean curvature vector and \(\mu\) is the area measure, including multiplicity.\N\NIn this work, the monotonicity formula for the Willmore energy due to \textit{L. Simon} [Commun. Anal. Geom. 1, No. 2, 281--326 (1993; Zbl 0848.58012)] and its generalization to integral 2-varifolds by \textit{E. Kuwert} and \textit{R. Schätzle} [Ann. Math. (2) 160, No. 1, 315--357 (2004; Zbl 1078.53007)] are extended to capillary surfaces in the three-dimensional half-space \(\mathbb{R}^3_+=\mathbb{R}^2 \times (0,\infty)\) and the three-dimensional unit ball \(\mathbb{B}^3\subset \mathbb{R}^3\). The notion of generalized surfaces under consideration is the class of integral 2-varifolds in \(\overline{\mathbb{R}^3_+}\) and \(\overline{\mathbb{B}^3}\) with a contact angle condition \(\theta\in (0,\pi)\) as in [\textit{L. De Masi} and \textit{G. De Philippis}, J. Differ. Geom. 131, No. 2, 415--496 (2025; Zbl 08097554)].\N\NAs a consequence, the authors obtain a Li-Yau-type inequality in the spirit of \textit{P. Li} and \textit{S.-T. Yau} [Invent. Math. 69, 269--291 (1982; Zbl 0503.53042)]. For a compact immersed \(\theta\)-capillary surface \(F\colon \Sigma\to\overline{\mathbb{R}^3_+}\) such that \(F\vert_{\partial\Sigma}\) is positively oriented, it reads\N\[\N\mathcal{W}(F) \geq 2\pi(1-\cos\theta)\,\mathcal{H}^0(F^{-1}(x_0))\N\]\Nfor any \(x_0\in F(\partial \Sigma)\).\N\NThis implies a sharp lower bound on the Willmore energy (attained by spherical caps) and an energy threshold below which any capillary surface must be embedded. By conformal invariance, the same inequalities hold for capillary surfaces in the unit ball, thereby extending the results in [\textit{A. Volkmann}, Commun. Anal. Geom. 24, No. 1, 195--221 (2016; Zbl 1344.53007)] for surfaces with orthogonal free boundary (corresponding to \(\theta=\frac{\pi}{2}\)). Moreover, the authors deduce a new lower area bound for \(\theta\)-capillary minimal immersions in \(\overline{\mathbb{B}^3}\), yielding a new optimal estimate of a different type than the one obtained from the isoperimetric inequality [\textit{S. Brendle}, J. Am. Math. Soc. 34, No. 2, 595--603 (2021; Zbl 1482.53012)] and that involves the signed area of the ``wetting part.
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- A monotonicity formula for free boundary surfaces with respect to the unit ball
- A new conformal invariant and its applications to the Willmore conjecture and the first eigenvalue of compact surfaces
- A sharp bound for the area of minimal surfaces in the unit ball
- Alexandrov's theorem for anisotropic capillary hypersurfaces in the half-space
- Alexandrov-Fenchel inequalities for convex hypersurfaces in the half-space with capillary boundary
- Boundary regularlty for solutions to various capillarity and free boundary problems
- Capillary surfaces: stability, index and curvature estimates
- Dimensional estimates for singular sets in geometric variational problems with free boundaries
- Existence of surfaces minimizing the Willmore functional
- Heintze-Karcher inequality and capillary hypersurfaces in a wedge
- Heintze-Karcher inequality for anisotropic free boundary hypersurfaces in convex domains
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- Min-max construction of minimal surfaces with a fixed angle at the boundary
- Min-max theory for capillary surfaces
- Minimal hypersurfaces and geometric inequalities
- Regularity of free boundaries in anisotropic capillarity problems and the validity of Young's law
- Removability of point singularities of Willmore surfaces
- Sets of finite perimeter and geometric variational problems. An introduction to geometric measure theory
- Stable capillary hypersurfaces in a half-space or a slab
- The first Steklov eigenvalue, conformal geometry, and minimal surfaces
- The isoperimetric inequality for a minimal submanifold in Euclidean space
- The Motion of a Surface by Its Mean Curvature. (MN-20)
- The Willmore boundary problem
- The Willmore conjecture
- The Willmore functional
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