Multiplication Invariant Subspaces of Hardy Spaces
Let \(H^p\) be the usual Hardy space of analytic functions in the open unit disk \(\mathbb{D}\) and let \(g\) be an inner function (i.e. \(|g|_\infty =1\), \(g(e^{i \theta}): = \lim_{r \to 1} g(re^{i\theta}) \in\partial \mathbb{D}\) a.e.). In this interesting paper the authors study closed subspaces \(M\) of \(H^p\) which are \(g\)-invariant (i.e. \(gM \subseteq M)\). Using the well-known Wold decomposition for linear isometries on Hilbert spaces, the authors note that any function \(f\) in a \(g\)-invariant subspace \(M\subseteq H^2\) can be written in the form \(f(z)= \sum_{j =1}^\infty s_j(z) (f_j \circ g) (z)\), where the \(s_j\) form an orthonormal basis of \(M \ominus gM\) and satisfy \[ \int^{2\pi}_0 \bigl|s_j (e^{i\theta}) \bigr|^p g^k(e^{i\theta}) d \theta =0 \tag{*} \] for \(k=1,2, \dots\) and \(p=2\). Generalizing to \(H^p\), \(p>0\), the authors call a function \(s_j\in H^p\), \(|s_j |_p=1\), \(g\)-\(p\)-inner, if (*) holds for every \(k=1,2, \dots\). Based on this, an extension of the classical Riesz-Smirnow factorization result is achieved. In fact, it is shown that every \(f\in H^p\) admits the factorization \(f=h_p (F_p \circ g)\), where \(h_p\) is \(g\)-\(p\)-inner and \(F_p\) an outer \(H^p\)-function. Several extremal properties of \(g\)-\(p\)-inner functions are studied. It is also discussed when \(h_p\), resp. \(F_p\), is bounded. Another beautiful result tells us that any \(g\)-invariant subspace in \(H^p\) is generated by the collection of all its \(g\)-\(p\)-inner functions. The main theorem in the paper says that if \(g\) is a finite Blaschke product of order \(n\), then, for \(1\leq p< \infty\), every \(g\)-invariant subspace \(M\subseteq H^p\) has a finite \(g\)-basis of \(g\)-\(p\)-inner functions \(h_{j,p}\). That is any \(f\in M\) can be written as \[ f(x)= \sum^k_{j=1} h_{j,p} (z)\varphi_j \bigl(g(z) \bigr), \] where \(1\leq k\leq n\) and \(\varphi_j\in H^p\). As an application of their theory, a new proof of a result of \textit{V. Mascioni} [Houston J. Math. 20, No. 2, 299-311 (1994; Zbl 0819.46038)] is sketched.
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