Multiplicative groups avoiding a fixed group
Distribution of integers with specified multiplicative constraints (11N25) Asymptotic results on arithmetic functions (11N37) Asymptotic results on counting functions for algebraic and topological structures (11N45) Other results on the distribution of values or the characterization of arithmetic functions (11N64) Finite abelian groups (20K01)
It is known that any finite abelian group \(G\) appears as a subgroup of infinitely many multiplicative groups \(\mathbb{Z}_n^\times\). In the paper under review, the authors study the possibility that \(G\) appears as a subgroup of almost all multiplicative groups \(\mathbb{Z}_n^\times\), considering the function\N\[\NS(x;G) = \#\{ n\le x : G \nleq \mathbb{Z}_n^\times\}.\N\]\NThe simplest case is when \(G \cong \mathbb{Z}_2^{k}\). In this case estimating \(S(x;G)\) essentially reduces to counting integers with at most \(k-1\) distinct prime factors, and accordingly, the authors show that for any integer \(k \geq 2\),\N\[\NS(x;\mathbb{Z}_2^k)=\frac3{2(k-2)!}\frac{x (\log\log x)^{k-2}}{\log x}\biggl(1+O_k\biggl( \frac{1}{\log\log x} \biggr)\biggr).\N\]\NThey also obtain similar asymptotic for \(S(x;G)\) when \(G \not\cong \mathbb{Z}_2^k\). More precisely, for this case they prove that if \(G\) has a unique dominant summand \(\mathbb{Z}_{p^\alpha}^k\), then\N\[\NS(x;G)=K(p^\alpha, k)\frac{x (\log\log x)^{k - 1}}{(\log x)^{1 / \phi(p^\alpha)}}\biggl( 1 + O_G \biggl( \frac{1}{\log\log x} \biggr) \biggr),\N\]\Nwhile if \(G\) has two dominant summands \(\mathbb{Z}_{p^\alpha}^k\) and \(\mathbb{Z}_{q^\beta}^k\), then\N\[\NS(x;G)=\bigl( K(p^\alpha, k) + K(q^\beta,k) \bigr) \frac{x (\log\log x)^{k - 1}}{(\log x)^{1 / \phi(p^\alpha)}} \biggl( 1 + O_G \biggl( \frac{1}{\log\log x} \biggr) \biggr).\N\]\NIn both cases, the leading constants are determined explicitly. I believe that this paper is a nice example of studying group theory concepts by using standard tools from analytic number theory.
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