Multiplicity of topological systems

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A topological analogue of the notion of multiplicity for invertible bounded operators on normed vector spaces (and, in particular, for the Koopman operator associated to a measure-preserving transformation) is developed here. The `topological multiplicity' of a topological dynamical system \((X,T)\) comprising a homeomorphism \(T\colon X\to X\) of a compact metrizable space \(X\) is defined here to be the minimal number of real-valued continuous functions whose orbits under the action of \(T\) together span a dense linear subspace of the space of real-valued continuous functions on \(X\) in the supremum norm. Finite multiplicity is shown to imply zero topological entropy and the existence of only finitely many ergodic invariant probability measures. The concept is related to rank in the setting of Cantor systems, and studied in detail for many symbolic systems. A large number of examples with finite multiplicity are discussed, and the relationship with complexity is explored.



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