Multivariable Schur-Horn theorems

DOI10.1112/PLMS/PDV067MaRDI QIDQ2795907zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors P. Massey, M. Ravichandran

Publication date 22 March 2016

Published in Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1411.4457

zbMATH Keywords

majorizationSchur-Horn theoremtype II\(_1\) factors

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

General theory of von Neumann algebras (46L10) Classification of factors (46L36) Convex sets and cones of operators (47L07)

Abstract: We prove a variety of results describing the possible diagonals of tuples of commuting hermitian operators in type $I{I}_1$ factors. These results are generalisations of the classical Schur-Horn theorem to the infinite dimensional, multivariable setting. Our description of these possible diagonals uses a natural generalisation of the classical notion of majorization to the multivariable setting. In the special case when both the given tuple and the desired diagonal have finite joint spectrum, our results are complete. When the tuples do not have finite joint spectrum, we are able to prove strong approximate results. Unlike the single variable case, the multivariable case presents several surprises and we point out obstructions to extending our complete description in the finite spectrum case to the general case. We also discuss the problem of characterizing diagonals of commuting tuples in $mathcalB(mathcalH)$ and give approximate characterizations in this case as well.

Review text

The classical Schur-Horn theorem states that for vectors \(\{d_i\}_{i=1}^N\) and \(\{\lambda_i\}_{i=1}^N\) in \(\mathbb{R}^N\) whose entries are in non-increasing order, there is a Hermitian matrix with diagonal \(\{d_i\}_{i=1}^N\) and eigenvalues \(\{\lambda_i\}_{i=1}^N\) if and only if NEWLINE\[NEWLINE\sum_{i=1}^nd_i\leq \sum_{i=1}^n\lambda_i, \quad n=1,2,\dots,N, NEWLINE\]NEWLINE and NEWLINE\[NEWLINE\sum_{i=1}^Nd_i= \sum_{i=1}^N\lambda_i.NEWLINE\]NEWLINE The above majorization inequalities can be extended for self-adjoint tuples:NEWLINENEWLINEDefinition. Given self-adjoint tuples \(\mathbf{S}=(S_1,\dots,S_n)\) and \(\mathbf{A}=(A_1,\dots,A_n)\) in a type II\(_1\) factor or a matrix algebra \(M\), we say that \(\mathbf{A}\) is majorized by \(\mathbf{S}\) (denoted by \(\mathbf{A}\prec\mathbf{S}\)) if there is a doubly stochastic map \(D\) on \(\mathcal{M}\) (that is, a linear, unital, positive, trace preserving map on \(\mathcal{M}\)) such that \(D(S_i)=A_i\) for \(1\leq i\leq n\).NEWLINENEWLINEThe main result in the paper under review is that, although the multivariable Schur-Horn theorem fails in general, it does hold in type II\(_1\) factors, under the additional assumption that the tuples involved both have finite spectrum. More precisely:NEWLINENEWLINETheorem. Let \(\mathcal{M}\) be a type II\(_1\) factor, \(\mathcal{A}\) be a masa in \(\mathcal{M}\) and let \(E\) be the trace preserving conditional expectation from \(\mathcal{M}\) onto \(\mathcal{A}\). Let \(\mathbf{A}\) and \(\mathbf{S}\) be \(n\)-tuples of commuting Hermitian operators with \(\mathbf{A}\in \mathcal{A}^n\) and \(\mathbf{S}\in \mathcal{M}^n\) such that \(\mathbf{A}\prec \mathbf{S}\). Moreover, assume that both \(\mathbf{A}\) and \(\mathbf{S}\) have finite spectrum. Then, there is a tuple \(\mathbf{T}\) in the norm closure of the unitary orbit of \(\mathbf{S}\), such that NEWLINE\[NEWLINEE(\mathbf{T})=\mathbf{A}.NEWLINE\]NEWLINE As a consequence, under the finite-spectrum assumption, the multivariable carpenter theorem also holds in type II\(_1\) factors:NEWLINENEWLINETheorem. Let \(\mathcal{M}\) be a type II\(_1\) factor, \(\mathcal{A}\) a masa in \(\mathcal{M}\) and let \(E\) be the trace preserving conditional expectation from \(\mathcal{M}\) onto \(\mathcal{A}\). Let \(\mathbf{A}\) be an \(n\)-tuples of positive contractions in \(\mathcal{A}\) with finite spectrum. Then there is an \(n\)-tuple of commuting projections \(\mathbf{P}\) in \(\mathcal{M}\) such that NEWLINE\[NEWLINEE(\mathbf{P})=\mathbf{A}.NEWLINE\]NEWLINE These results partially generalize the second author's results in the single variable case.

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