Near-factorizations of dihedral groups
A near-factorization of a finite group \((G, \cdot)\) with identity \(e\) is a pair \((A, B)\) of subsets satisfying \(|A| \times |B| = |G| - 1\) and \(G \setminus \{e\} = AB\). Two near-factorizations \((A, B)\) and \((A', B')\) are equivalent if \((A', B') = (f(A)h, h^{-1}f(B))\) for some \(f \in \Aut(G)\) and \(h \in G\). The paper investigates near-factorizations in non-abelian groups, focusing on dihedral groups \(D_n\) of order \(2n\).\N\NThe authors show that two known constructions due to \textit{D. de Caen} et al. [Ars Comb. 29, 53--63 (1990; Zbl 0708.20006)] and \textit{G. Bacsó} et al. [Stud. Sci. Math. Hung. 45, No. 4, 493--510 (2008; Zbl 1199.05163)] yield equivalent near-factorizations when \(n = 2^{2r-1}\) and parameters are \((2^r - 1, 2^r + 1)\), contradicting earlier claims. Theorem 3 provides the explicit equivalence. Computational results establish that for \(n \leq 32\) and proper divisors \(k\) of \(2n - 1\), there exists a unique \((k, (2n-1)/k)\)-near-factorization of \(D_n\) up to equivalence.\N\NThe paper analyzes a construction by \textit{A. Pêcher} [Discrete Math. 276, No. 1--3, 295--311 (2004; Zbl 1031.05110)] that produces strongly symmetric near-factorizations of \(D_n\) (where \(a^i b^j\) and \(a^i b^{-j}\) occur together) from symmetric near-factorizations of \(C_{2n}\) when \(n\) is odd. Theorem 7 shows this construction preserves equivalence. Theorem 9 establishes a partial converse when \(\gcd(n, (k+1)/2) = \gcd(n, (\ell+1)/2) = 1\). Non-equivalent near-factorizations are exhibited in \(D_{41}\), \(D_{95}\), \(D_5 \times C_5\) and \(C_5^2 \rtimes C_2\).
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