Near-primitive roots

DOI10.7169/FACM/2013.48.1.11MaRDI QIDQ1948717zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Pieter Moree

Publication date 24 April 2013

Published in Functiones et Approximatio. Commentarii Mathematici (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1112.5090, https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.facm/1364222835

zbMATH Keywords

Artin's conjecturedensityEuler productnear-primitive rootsprimitive roots

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Congruences; primitive roots; residue systems (11A07) Density theorems (11R45)

Abstract: Given an integer $tge1$, a rational number $g$ and a prime $pequiv1(mmodt)$ we say that $g$ is a near-primitive root of index $t$ if $u_p(g)=0$, and $g$ is of order $(p-1)/t$ modulo $p$. In the case $g$ is not minus a square we compute the density, under the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis (GRH), of such primes explicitly in the form $ho(g)A$, with $ho(g)$ a rational number and $A$ the Artin constant. We follow in this the approach of Wagstaff, who had dealt earlier with the case where $g$ is not minus a square. The outcome is in complete agreement with the recent determination of the density using a very different, much more algebraic, approach due to Hendrik Lenstra, the author and Peter Stevenhagen.

Review text

Let \(t \geq 1\) be an integer and \(p \equiv 1 \bmod 4\) a prime number. A rational number \(g\) is called a near primitive root modulo \(p\) of index \(t\) if numerator and denominator of \(g\) are not divisible by \(p\), and if the order of \(g \bmod p\) is equal to \(\frac{p-1}t\). Fix \(g\) and \(t\) and let \(N_{g,t}(x)\) denote the number of primes \(p \leq x\) for which \(g\) is a near-primitive root with index \(t\). Artin's original conjecture on primitive roots predicts that \(N_{g,1}(x) \sim c_g A \pi(x)\), where \(\pi(x)\) counts the number of all primes \(p \leq x\) and where \(c_g\) is an explicitly given rational number and \(A\) is Artin's constant \(A = \prod_p (1 - \frac1{p(p-1)})\). Hooley has shown that Artin's conjecture is true if we assume the validity of the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis. In this article, the author derives similar results on \(N_{g,t}(x)\) for arbitrary values of \(t \geq 1\).

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