Non-commutative Markov chains and multi-analytic operators

DOI10.1016/J.JMAA.2009.11.021MaRDI QIDQ847070zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 12 February 2010

Published in Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/0902.3445, http://pure.aber.ac.uk/ws/files/6212531/1_s2.0_S0022247X09009615_main.pdf

zbMATH Keywords

Cuntz scattering system multivariate operator theory non-commutative Markov chain repeated interaction model

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Noncommutative probability and statistics (46L53) Free probability and free operator algebras (46L54) Applications of operator theory in the physical sciences (47N50) Operator algebra methods applied to problems in quantum theory (81R15) Quantum scattering theory (81U99)

Abstract: We study a model of repeated interaction between quantum systems which can be thought of as a non-commutative Markov chain. It is shown that there exists an outgoing Cuntz scattering system associated to this model which induces an input-output formalism with a transfer function corresponding to a multi-analytic operator, in the sense of multivariate operator theory. Finally we show that observability for this system is closely related to the scattering theory of non-commutative Markov chains.

Review text

Suggested by the work on the implication of non-commutative probability theory in multivariate operator theory, done for example by \textit{B.\,V.\,R.\thinspace Bhat} [Mem.\ Am.\ Math.\ Soc.\ 709 (2001; Zbl 0976.46050)], the author points out an interesting connection between non-commutative Markov chains and multi-analytic operators, where the former object is a well-known mathematical model for open quantum systems embedded into an environment, and the latter one is a mathematical tool playing a central role in the development of multivariate operator theory. The aim of this paper is to study a model of repeated interaction between quantum systems, which can be thought of as a non-commutative Markov chain. For Hilbert spaces \({\mathcal H}, {\mathcal K}\) and \({\mathcal P}\), the unitary operator \(U : {\mathcal H} \otimes {\mathcal K}\to{\mathcal H} \otimes {\mathcal P}\) is an interaction with vacuum vectors \(\Omega^{{\mathcal H}} \in {\mathcal H}\), \(\Omega^{{\mathcal K}} \in {\mathcal K}\), and \(\Omega^{{\mathcal P}} \in {\mathcal P}\) in the sense that \(U(\Omega^{{\mathcal H}} \otimes \Omega^{{\mathcal K}})=\Omega^{{\mathcal H}} \otimes \Omega^{{\mathcal P}}\), and for the unitary operators \(U_{\ell}\) on \({\mathcal H} \otimes {\mathcal K}_{\infty}\) (with infinite tensor product \({\mathcal K}_{\infty}=\bigotimes_1^{\infty} {\mathcal K} )\), \(\ell \in {\mathbb N}\), being identical with \(U\) on \({\mathcal H} \otimes {\mathcal K}_{\ell}\), the repeated interaction up to time \(n \in {\mathbb N}\) is realized as \[ U(n) = U_n U_{n-1} \cdots U_2 U_1 : {\mathcal H} \otimes {\mathcal K}_{\infty} \to {\mathcal H} \otimes {\mathcal P}_{[1,n]} \otimes {\mathcal K}_{[n+1. \infty]}. \] The author considers the model of non-commutative Markov chains as a Markovian approximation of a repeated atom-field interaction by a physicist's point of view. It is shown that there exists an outgoing Cuntz scattering system \(( {\mathcal L}, \underline{V} =( V_1, \dots, V_d)\), \({\mathcal G}_*^+\), \({\mathcal G})\) associated to this model which induces an input-output formalism with a transfer function corresponding to a multi-analytic operator, in the sense of multivariate operator theory, where \(\underline{V}\) is a row isometry on the Hilbert space \({\mathcal L}\), and \({\mathcal G}_*^+\) and \({\mathcal G}\) are subspaces of \({\mathcal L}\) such that (i) \({\mathcal G}_*^+\) is the smallest \(\underline{V}\)-invariant subspace containing \({\mathcal E}_*:={\mathcal L}\ominus\text{span}_{j=1, \dots, d}\) \(V_j {\mathcal L}\), thus \(\underline{\text{V}} | {\mathcal G}_*^+\) is a row shift and \({\mathcal G}_*^+=\bigoplus_{ \alpha \in F_d^+} V_{\alpha} {\mathcal E}_*\) with the free semigroup \(F_d^+\) with generators \(1, \dots, d\), and \(\alpha \in F_d^+\) is the word \(\alpha_{\ell} \cdots \alpha_1\) of length \(| \alpha | = \ell\), with \(\alpha_j \in\{ 1,2, \dots, d \}\); (ii) \(\text{\underbar{V}} | {\mathcal G}\) is a row shift, thus \({\mathcal G}=\bigoplus_{\alpha \in F_d^+} V_{\alpha} {\mathcal E}\) with \({\mathcal E}:={\mathcal G}\ominus\text{span}_{ j =1, \dots, d} V_j {\mathcal G}\). Finally, the author shows that observability for this system is closely related to the scattering theory of non-commutative Markov chains [cf.\ \textit{B.\,Kümmerer} and \textit{H.\,Maassen}, Infin.\ Dimens.\ Anal.\ Quantum Probab.\ Relat.\ Top.\ 3, No.\,1, 161--176 (2000; Zbl 1243.81104)]. For other related works, see, e.g., \textit{R.\,Gohm, B.\,Kümmerer}, and \textit{T.\,Lang} [Ergodic Theory Dyn.\ Syst.\ 26, No.\,5, 1521--1548 (2006; Zbl 1121.81087)].

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