Non-commutative Markov chains and multi-analytic operators (Q847070)

Suggested by the work on the implication of non-commutative probability theory in multivariate operator theory, done for example by \textit{B.\,V.\,R.\thinspace Bhat} [Mem.\ Am.\ Math.\ Soc.\ 709 (2001; Zbl 0976.46050)], the author points out an interesting connection between non-commutative Markov chains and multi-analytic operators, where the former object is a well-known mathematical model for open quantum systems embedded into an environment, and the latter one is a mathematical tool playing a central role in the development of multivariate operator theory. The aim of this paper is to study a model of repeated interaction between quantum systems, which can be thought of as a non-commutative Markov chain. For Hilbert spaces \({\mathcal H}, {\mathcal K}\) and \({\mathcal P}\), the unitary operator \(U : {\mathcal H} \otimes {\mathcal K}\to{\mathcal H} \otimes {\mathcal P}\) is an interaction with vacuum vectors \(\Omega^{{\mathcal H}} \in {\mathcal H}\), \(\Omega^{{\mathcal K}} \in {\mathcal K}\), and \(\Omega^{{\mathcal P}} \in {\mathcal P}\) in the sense that \(U(\Omega^{{\mathcal H}} \otimes \Omega^{{\mathcal K}})=\Omega^{{\mathcal H}} \otimes \Omega^{{\mathcal P}}\), and for the unitary operators \(U_{\ell}\) on \({\mathcal H} \otimes {\mathcal K}_{\infty}\) (with infinite tensor product \({\mathcal K}_{\infty}=\bigotimes_1^{\infty} {\mathcal K} )\), \(\ell \in {\mathbb N}\), being identical with \(U\) on \({\mathcal H} \otimes {\mathcal K}_{\ell}\), the repeated interaction up to time \(n \in {\mathbb N}\) is realized as \[ U(n) = U_n U_{n-1} \cdots U_2 U_1 : {\mathcal H} \otimes {\mathcal K}_{\infty} \to {\mathcal H} \otimes {\mathcal P}_{[1,n]} \otimes {\mathcal K}_{[n+1. \infty]}. \] The author considers the model of non-commutative Markov chains as a Markovian approximation of a repeated atom-field interaction by a physicist's point of view. It is shown that there exists an outgoing Cuntz scattering system \(( {\mathcal L}, \underline{V} =( V_1, \dots, V_d)\), \({\mathcal G}_*^+\), \({\mathcal G})\) associated to this model which induces an input-output formalism with a transfer function corresponding to a multi-analytic operator, in the sense of multivariate operator theory, where \(\underline{V}\) is a row isometry on the Hilbert space \({\mathcal L}\), and \({\mathcal G}_*^+\) and \({\mathcal G}\) are subspaces of \({\mathcal L}\) such that (i) \({\mathcal G}_*^+\) is the smallest \(\underline{V}\)-invariant subspace containing \({\mathcal E}_*:={\mathcal L}\ominus\text{span}_{j=1, \dots, d}\) \(V_j {\mathcal L}\), thus \(\underline{\text{V}} | {\mathcal G}_*^+\) is a row shift and \({\mathcal G}_*^+=\bigoplus_{ \alpha \in F_d^+} V_{\alpha} {\mathcal E}_*\) with the free semigroup \(F_d^+\) with generators \(1, \dots, d\), and \(\alpha \in F_d^+\) is the word \(\alpha_{\ell} \cdots \alpha_1\) of length \(| \alpha | = \ell\), with \(\alpha_j \in\{ 1,2, \dots, d \}\); (ii) \(\text{\underbar{V}} | {\mathcal G}\) is a row shift, thus \({\mathcal G}=\bigoplus_{\alpha \in F_d^+} V_{\alpha} {\mathcal E}\) with \({\mathcal E}:={\mathcal G}\ominus\text{span}_{ j =1, \dots, d} V_j {\mathcal G}\). Finally, the author shows that observability for this system is closely related to the scattering theory of non-commutative Markov chains [cf.\ \textit{B.\,Kümmerer} and \textit{H.\,Maassen}, Infin.\ Dimens.\ Anal.\ Quantum Probab.\ Relat.\ Top.\ 3, No.\,1, 161--176 (2000; Zbl 1243.81104)]. For other related works, see, e.g., \textit{R.\,Gohm, B.\,Kümmerer}, and \textit{T.\,Lang} [Ergodic Theory Dyn.\ Syst.\ 26, No.\,5, 1521--1548 (2006; Zbl 1121.81087)].