Nonlinear eigenvalues and analytic hypoellipticity

DOI10.1016/S0022-1236(03)00105-8MaRDI QIDQ1876258zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Sagun Chanillo, Bernard Helffer, Ari Laptev

Publication date 16 August 2004

Published in Journal of Functional Analysis (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0211308

Lidskii theorem Schatten classes Trèves conjecture

Hypoelliptic equations (35H10) Nonlinear eigenvalue problems and nonlinear spectral theory for PDEs (35P30) Pseudodifferential operators as generalizations of partial differential operators (35S05)

Abstract: Motivated by the problems of analytic hypoellipticity, we show that a special family of compact non self-adjoint operators has a non-zero eigenvalue. We recover old results by Christ,Hanges, Himonas, Pham-The-Lai and Robert proved by using ordinary differential equations. We show our method applies to higher dimensional cases, giving in particular a new class of hypoelliptic but not analytic hypoelliptic operators.

Review text

Motivated by the problem of analytic hypoellipticity of sum the of squares of differential operators , the authors are interested in a family of partial differential operators of the type \[ \mathcal{H}(x,D_{x},\lambda)=-\Delta+\left( P(x)-\lambda\right) ^{2} \] where \(x\mapsto P(x)\) is a polynomial of degree \(m>1.\) They prove, under certain conditions on the dimension \(n\), the polynomial \(P(x)\) and its degree \(m,\) that the equation \[ \mathcal{H}(x,D_{x},\lambda)u=0 \] has a solution \((\lambda,u)\) with \(u\in\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^{n}),u\neq0.\) To prove these results, the initial problem is reduced to the spectral analysis of \((I-2\lambda B+\lambda^{2}A)u=0\)\ , where \(A=(-\Delta+P(x))^{-1}\) and \(B=A^{\frac{1}{2}}PA^{\frac{1}{2}}\). Then the authors use a standard approach to transform the nonlinear spectral problem to linear ones and apply the Lidskii Theorem concerning the trace of operators to prove the existence of a non trivial solution. As an application, the authors obtain the following result: Let \(p=2\) or \(3\) and let \(P(x)\) be a positive elliptic polynomial of degree \(m\geq2p\) in the variables \((x_{1},\dots,x_{p}).\) Then the operator \[ H=\sum\limits_{j=1}^{p}D_{x_{j}}^{2}+\left( P(x)D_{x_{p+1}}-D_{x_{p+2} }\right) ^2 \] is not analytic hypoelliptic at the origin. The theorem is related to the Trèves conjectures [\textit{F. Trèves}, Symplectic geometry and analytic hypo-ellipticity, Proc. Symp. Pure Math. 65, 201--219 (1999; Zbl 0938.35038)]. The authors also recover known results obtained for the operator \(H\)\ in the case of \(p=1\) .

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