Analytic hypoellipticity for sums of squares and the Treves conjecture

Analyticity in context of PDEs (35A20) Microlocal methods and methods of sheaf theory and homological algebra applied to PDEs (35A27) Smoothness and regularity of solutions to PDEs (35B65) Hypoelliptic equations (35H10) Subelliptic equations (35H20)

Abstract: We are concerned with the problem of real analytic regularity of the solutions of sums of squares with real analytic coefficients. Treves conjecture states that an operator of this type is analytic hypoelliptic if and only if all the strata in the Poisson-Treves stratification are symplectic. We produce a model operator,

P_{1}

, having a single symplectic stratum and prove that it is Gevrey

s_{0}

hypoelliptic and not better. See Theorem ef{th:1} for a definition of

s_{0}

. We also show that this phenomenon has a microlocal character. We point out explicitly that this is a counterexample to the sufficient part of Treves conjecture and not to the necessary part, which is still an open problem.

Review text

The paper is addressed to the problem of the analytic hypoellipticity for sum-of-squares operators \[ P= \sum^N_{j=1} X^2_j, \] where \(X_j\) are vector fields with real analytic coefficients. In the introduction, addressed to non-experts, the authors review preceding results on the subjec. Starting from the well-known condition for \(C^\infty\) hypoellipticity of Hörmander on the Lie algebra generated by the \(X_j\)'s, they survey several results relating analytic hypoellipticity to geometric properties of the characteristic manifold of \(P\). Finally a conjecture of Treves is recalled, stating that \(P\) is analytic hypoelliptic if and only if all the strata generated by the \(X_j\)'s are symplectic. The main aim of the present paper is to give a counterexample to the sufficient part of the conjecture. Namely, the authors consider in dimension 4 the operator \[ P= D^2_1+ D^2_2+ x^{2(r-1)}_1(D^2_3+ D^2_4)+ x^{2(p-1)}_2 D^2_3+ x^{2(q-1)}_2 D^2_4 \] with \(1<r<p<q\), which satisfies the condition of Treves, and is not analytic hypoelliptic. A similar model is also considered from the microlocal point of view. Non-analyticity is proved by solving a semiclassical spectral problem for a stationary Schrödinger equation with double well potential. Results of sharp Gevrey hypoellipticity are also obtained by combining sub-elliptic estimates with induction proceedings.

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